…assess AV conduction and may include the infusion of agents to stress the AV node and His Purkinje system, such as isoproterenol and/or procainamide…

…aortic disease. Secondary causes, particularly diabetes, thyroid disease, kidney disease, alcohol excess, dietary factors and relevant medications. Cardiovascular risk category and the adequacy of LDL…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to their distinct pharmacodynamic…

…of the course. An AST/ALT ratio 2 with moderately raised values suggests alcohol related liver disease; a ratio < 1 suggests steatohepatitis or viral…

…ventilation–perfusion matching, increased physiological dead space and the Haldane effect. It is therefore misleading to explain the whole phenomenon as abolition of the patie

…19 causes ventricular dysfunction. Guo et al also demonstrate that troponin T and NT pro BNP may be used as prognostic markers during the disease…

…common cause of pericardial effusion is infections, such as viral, bacterial, and tuberculous infections. Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free…

…myocarditis may cause elevated troponin levels (myocardial cells may die as a result of inflammation). Note two differences regarding the clinical presentation of STEMI and…

…Causes Tamponade shares the causes of pericardial effusion. Important clinical associations include: Idiopathic or viral pericarditis Malignant pericardial disease Tuberculosis Purulent or bacterial pericarditis Trauma…

…If a reversible cause of bradycardia is suspected, management should be targeted at that cause. With regards to medications, the clinical need must be reconsidered…