…infarction is associated with basal septal perforation and a worse prognosis than the typically apical defect associated with anterior infarction. Ventricular free wall rupture Free…

…ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary valve stenosis, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal…

Conduction defects ECG Right bundle branch block (RBBB) Right bundle branch block (RBBB) is due to an anatomical or functional dysfunction in the right bundle…

Conduction defects ECG Lathundar Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) Electrocardiographic Criteria and Characteristics Left bundle branch block is characterized by a significant reorganization of the…

…pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts, such as atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)…

…commonly reflects severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and…

…dx), which originates from the right coronary artery (RCA). The RCA also supplies the inferior left ventricular wall in over 90% of all individuals. Hence…

…occurs more often than sinus node involvement, and atrioventricular block (AVB) may indicate septal involvement in the inflammatory process. A broad spectrum of pharmacologic agents…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Left ventricular (LV) thrombus is an intracavitary clot attached to the LV endocardium, typically overlying an akinetic…

…asymmetric, i.e its distribution in the left ventricular myocardium varies. Septal hypertrophy, apical hypertrophy and hypertrophy of the left ventricular free wall are common…

…Left ventricular mass and geometry Women Men Reference Mildy abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal Reference Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal LINEAR METHOD LV mass…

…and clinical applications of these modalities, the definitions of cardiac planes, ventricular segments, and coronary arterial territories evolved differently. This resulted in difficulties when comparing…

…anomaly is characterized by the following malformations: The septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve adhere to the ventricular myocardium (failure of embryological delamination)…

…of cardiac arrest, focused echocardiography entails a swift evaluation of ventricular contractions and the status of the pericardium by an experienced clinician. The examination is…

…anterior descending and left circumflex coronary territories. Because these vessels perfuse a large proportion of the left ventricular myocardium, left main disease carries a substantial…

…Acute obstruction can lead to rapid hemodynamic deterioration, cardiogenic shock, malignant ventricular arrhythmias, or sudden cardiac death. The resulting extensive ischemia causes immediate myocardial stunning…

…narrowing of the LVOT (left ventricular outflow tract). Such narrowings are due to septal hypertrophy or subaortic membrane (Figure 2). Figure 2. (A) Septal hypertrop

…sudden cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation cpr/ Approximately 80% of individuals who suffer a sudden cardiac arrest have ventricular fibrillation prior to the cardiac arrest…

…IVR; Figures 1 and 2). When the ventricular pressure is less than the left atrial pressure, the mitral valve opens and the cycle is repeated…

…Figure 1 provides an example. Figure 1. Ventricular rhythm. One exception to the rule above should be noted. If an ectopic focus arises in or…

Cardiology Introduction Ventricular tachycardia (VT) represents a complex and potentially lethal spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias that remains a formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As…

…or syncope if the arrhythmia is sustained. In its fulminant course, VT degenerates to ventricular fibrillation, which then degenerates into asystole and cardiac arrest. Importantly…

…by the failing right ventricle. Clinical presentation and symptoms Clinically important RVI is characterized by manifestations of severe right ventricular failure. Typical findings include: Jugular…

…potential occurs. If any component of the ventricular conduction system has not fully repolarized by the time the next impulse reaches the ventricles, the impulse…

…may appear as a simple and passive process, it is actually a complicated and fundamental aspect of ventricular function. Impaired diastolic function (i.e diastolic…

…pulmonary, renal and neurohormonal factors. These factors, which influence cardiac function primarily by affecting ventricular function, include blood pressure, venous return, pulmonary gas exchange efficiency…

…however, an important parameter in the assessment of ventricular hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy. Numerous formulas have been developed to approximate ventricular mass. Most formulas are simple…

…2 RR intervals). This is explained by the fact that the premature ventricular impulse does not discharge and reset the sinoatrial node, which will therefore…

…defects, etc. Right ventricular load is thus an issue that is raised both in outpatient and emergency care. To evaluate the presence of right ventricular…

…the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Classification of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. General principles for the management of VT/VF…

…the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Classification of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. General principles for the management of VT/VF…

…endocardium. As the fibrofatty replacement progresses, the ventricular wall becomes thinner and the ventricle begins to dilate. Approximately 50% of cases exhibit biventricular cardiomyopathy, although…

Echocardiography Methods for assessing systolic function (contractile function) Several echocardiographic measurements are available to assess left ventricular systolic function. These methods elucidate slightly different aspects…

…takes longer to depolarize the large ventricular mass. It does not, however, reach 0.12 s (such significant prolongation is due to intraventricular conduction defects)…

…left ventricle): ≥45 milliseconds 1 Romhilt Este's score system ECG changes in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) Large R waves in left sided leads (V5…

Info Brugada's algorithm is the most used algorithm for distinguishing ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with wide QRS complex. The algorithm entails…

…and arrhythmology ECG Diagnosis and management of narrow and wide complex tachycardia All clinically significant supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias have been reviewed in previous sections…

…fraction <55%. This implies that left ventricular pumping capacity is reduced and it is synonymous with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF ). Average ejection…

…of tachycardia (tachyarrhythmia) with wide QRS complexes (QRS duration ≥0,12 s) : ventricular tachycardia is the most common cause and it is potentially life threatening…

…J. (2015). 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. European Heart Journal , 36(41…

…is derived by measuring flow velocities across the mitral valve using pulsed Doppler. Estimating left ventricular filling pressure via e' . Measurement of deceleration time (DT) …

Echocardiography Myocardial relaxation and left ventricular diastolic function Diastolic function is determined by the efficiency of myocardial relaxation. The degree and velocity of relaxation are…

…interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . Spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . A single ventricular beat, followed by a three ventricular beats…

Esmolol Drug Esmolol Brand names Brevibloc ® Indications Short term control of ventricular rate (including perioperative tachycardia) and hypertension (including hypertensive emergency, perioperative hypertension). Mechanism…

…the vector of the ventricular free wall is directed to the left (and downwards). Lead V5 detects a very large vector heading towards it and…

…long QT syndrome (LQTS) & ventricular arrhythmias (torsade de pointes) due to prolonged QT interval The QT interval is the time interval from the beginning of…

…lines the greater vessels connected to the heart. The epicardium The outermost layer of the ventricular wall is the epicardium , which contains fibroelastic connective tissue…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of regional contractile function Systolic ventricular function is one of the strongest predictors of total and cardiovascular mortality. Previous chapters have discussed…

…J. (2015). 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. European Heart Journal, 36(41…

…syncope, etc.). The results were as follows: 73% were caused by ventricular tachyarrhythmias, of which 45% were VT degenerating into VF. 27% were caused by…

…speckle tracking As previously discussed, the left ventricular wall can be subdivided into three layers: the inner lining ( endocardium ), a thick muscle layer ( myocardium ) and…

…The fifth beat is a ventricular premature beat. A ventricular tachycardia (VT) emerges. As evident, ventricular tachycardia may appear more polymorphic in one lead (the…

…spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia. ECG 5 . Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, self terminating. ECG 6 . Repeated runs of ventricular tachycardia. ECG 7 . Continued ventricular ectopy and…

…excellent, with the vast majority of patients recovering completely after restoration of sinus rhythm (or any other rhythm with normal ventricular rate and activation). Recovery…

[calc_hcmrisk] Predicting Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic cardiomyopathy characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy. It is the…

…PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury. This classification is central to determining the…

…coronary anatomy, myocardial ischaemia, ventricular function and the anticipated benefit–risk balance of revascularization. Coronary angiography remains primarily an anatomical examination, whereas contemporary decision making…

…25% Normal FS, 2D measurement 18% Advantages of fractional shortening If ventricular geometry is normal and there are no regional wall motion abnormalities, then fractional…

…1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 6…