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Lung function and respiration

…for ventilator settings. Oxygen targets Aim for a saturation of 92–96 % in most patients, and 88–92 % where there is a risk of carbon…

CPAP and non-invasive ventilation (NIV)

…for the device available on the unit. Preparation and equipment A device capable of both CPAP and bilevel ventilation, or alternatively flow generated CPAP with…

The physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

…substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose of CPR is to create large variations in intrathoracic pressure by compressing, decompressing and ventilating. These maneuvers result in…

Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia and asphyxia

…insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous system…

Intensive care parameters

…pressure is raised: normocapnia (PaCO₂ 4.5–5.0 kPa) and avoidance of hypoxia, since hypercapnia raises the intracranial pressure. Circulation Parameter Target Comment : : : MAP ≥…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…trends can vary during CPR depending on various factors such as the cause of cardiac arrest, compression efficacy, ventilation depth and frequency, and adrenaline administration…

Exercise physiology: from normal response to myocardial ischemia & chest pain

…conduct and evaluate the exercise stress test. Exercise induces physiological changes such as increased ventilation, coronary vasodilation, increase in blood pressure, etc . The purpose of…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…if invasive ventilation is not immediately required. 8. Document the ceiling of care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation…

Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: quick reference

…risk of seizures and delirium [1,2]. In delirium tremens the aim should be a calm, mildly somnolent but rousable patient, while ventilation, circulation and…

Arterial line

…also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure monitoring set: stiff, short tubing, a transducer, and a flush system with physiological saline…

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