…cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking…

…syndrome is therefore both a clinical risk factor cluster and a marker of broader metabolic dysfunction. Associated abnormalities may include increased apoB and apoC III…

…myocardial wall stress and subendocardial ischemia. Neurohormonal activation and vascular and renal abnormalities contribute to sodium and water retention. The interaction between cardiac and renal…

…either RV dysfunction or elevated biomarkers, or neither of these abnormalities in the presence of abnormal clinical risk assessment. Low risk PE is characterized by…

…flow limitation. The mechanisms are incompletely defined. Proposed contributors include hypercontractility or hypersensitivity of coronary vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictor stimuli, including adrenergic agonists, leukotrienes…

…age related vascular stiffening, and distinct microvascular responses to systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases…

…bridging; myocardial metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis…

…injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more…

…interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary and vascular disease in older adults…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…