…ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Vasospastic angina (VA), formerly termed Prinzmetal or variant angina, is myocardial ischaemia caused by transient abnormal vasoconstriction of one…

…to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A:…

…Myocardial bridging is an anatomical variant in which a segment of an epicardial coronary artery passes through the myocardium rather than remaining on the epicardial…

…or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side lying variant of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked obesity or spinal disease that makes positioning impossible…

…phenotype later and require delayed or individualized assessment. Disease specific genetic architecture HCM is predominantly associated with variants affecting sarcomeric proteins, particularly MYH7 and MYBPC3…

…FH (HeFH). Biallelic pathogenic variants cause homozygous FH (HoFH), which produces substantially higher LDL C concentrations and much earlier, more severe clinical disease. HeFH affects…

…elevated liver enzymes or transaminases, and thrombocytopenia—is generally regarded as a severe preeclamptic phenotype or variant. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of preeclampsia remains incompletely…

…More than 130 disease causing variants have been described [12]. Wild type ATTR (ATTRwt): A sporadic, age related disease characterized by a normal TTR genetic…

…tachycardia. Multifocal atrial tachycardia Figure 4. Multifocal atrial tachycardia Multifocal atrial tachycardia is an uncommon variant of ectopic atrial tachycardia. As illustrated in Figure 4…

…incomplete. Note that a second r wave (r') may occur as a normal variant in lead V1 (the normal variant has a normal QRS duration)…

…adrenergic agonists). In all of these conditions, sinus tachycardia is merely an expression of an underlying disease or substance effect, which may require attention. Therefore…

…the HEMORR₂HAGES Score The acronym HEMORR₂HAGES represents the following parameters: H epatic or renal disease (1 point) E thanol abuse (1 point) M alignancy (1…

…a dozen of merited scholars. In this paper the authors discuss normal variants and abnormalities which athletes may exhibit on the 12 lead ECG. However…

…randomization studies support a causal relationship between Lp(a) associated genetic variants and coronary artery disease. Associations have also been extended to peripheral arterial disease…

…PCSK9 mutations are associated with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) and premature coronary heart disease, whereas loss of function variants are associated with protection from cardiovascular disease…

…to give the reader firm knowledge of normal findings , normal variants (i.e less common variants of what is considered normal) and pathological variants . Thus…

…Q waves (Q wave infarction) Lead Definition of pathological Q wave Normal variants V2–V3 ≥0,02 s or QS complex None All other leads…

…morphology, normal findings, normal variants, etc – from adult electrocardiograms. It is crucial to be familiar with normal findings, normal variants, and pathology in neonates, infants…

…cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates…

…than asymptomatic lesions. Predisposing conditions Aortic dissection and its variants are associated with conditions that cause medial degeneration or increase aortic wall stress. Relevant associations…

…diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) remain the most potent population attributable risk factors. Furthermore, the "obesity paradox"—whereby…

…The genetic mechanisms underlying hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are complicated and some gene variants may only cause hypertrophy under certain loading conditions (i.e in the presence…

…predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a common finding in both healthy and diseased individuals. Asymptomatic bradycardia may…

…followed by QRS complexes. Second degree AV block is subdivided into the following variants: Second degree AV block Mobitz type 1 . May also be referred…