…ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Vasospastic angina (VA), formerly termed Prinzmetal or variant angina, is myocardial ischaemia caused by transient abnormal vasoconstriction of one…

…to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A:…

…Myocardial bridging is an anatomical variant in which a segment of an epicardial coronary artery passes through the myocardium rather than remaining on the epicardial…

…or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side lying variant of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked obesity or spinal disease that makes positioning impossible…

…phenotype later and require delayed or individualized assessment. Disease specific genetic architecture HCM is predominantly associated with variants affecting sarcomeric proteins, particularly MYH7 and MYBPC3…

…FH (HeFH). Biallelic pathogenic variants cause homozygous FH (HoFH), which produces substantially higher LDL C concentrations and much earlier, more severe clinical disease. HeFH affects…

…elevated liver enzymes or transaminases, and thrombocytopenia—is generally regarded as a severe preeclamptic phenotype or variant. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of preeclampsia remains incompletely…

…More than 130 disease causing variants have been described [12]. Wild type ATTR (ATTRwt): A sporadic, age related disease characterized by a normal TTR genetic…

…tachycardia. Multifocal atrial tachycardia Figure 4. Multifocal atrial tachycardia Multifocal atrial tachycardia is an uncommon variant of ectopic atrial tachycardia. As illustrated in Figure 4…

…incomplete. Note that a second r wave (r') may occur as a normal variant in lead V1 (the normal variant has a normal QRS duration)…

…course you will learn all about the normal ECG, normal variants and diagnosis of pathological findings. A total of 8 lessons will guide you through…