…Urine dipstick with a pH scale, or urine pH measurement on a blood gas analyser. Blood gas equipment for arterial sampling. Urinary catheter with hourly…

…when urethral injury is suspected. Indications Acute urinary retention. Chronic urinary retention with renal impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement…

…1.73 m², excess urinary albumin excretion—typically a spot urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) above 30 mg/g—or both. The eGFR is…

…of the kidneys and urinary tract when a postrenal cause cannot confidently be excluded. 10. Contact nephrology early in severe, progressive or diagnostically unclear AKI…

…frail older patient an apparently small insult — sleep deprivation, urinary retention or a new sedative drug, for example — may be enough to precipitate the condition…

…to edrophonium. Mechanical obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma…

…the prognosis and can cause hypotension, acute kidney injury, myocardial ischaemia or cerebral hypoperfusion. Pain, anxiety, urinary retention, hypoxia, drug withdrawal and incorrect blood pressure…

…defined as urinary protein excretion 300 mg over 24 hours or a protein–creatinine ratio ≥0.3. Preeclampsia may nevertheless be diagnosed without proteinuria when…

…course (no more than 7 days) may be given to selected patients with an eGFR of 30 40 mL/min for lower urinary tract infection…

…g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or doxycycline 200 mg × 1 on…

…days, or shorter neutropenia with clinical risk factors International guidelines generally use a single temperature of 38.3 degrees as the threshold [4,5]. Some…

…core temperature measurement. An oesophageal probe or a urinary catheter with a temperature sensor are the first choice; rectal or intravascular measurement also works. Axillary…

…hypertensive encephalopathy and should prompt consideration of stroke. Acute ischemic or intracerebral haemorrhage may coexist with severe hypertension. The decision to lower BP in acute…

…around or within the heart and kidneys may exert direct compressive effects and releases additional inflammatory and profibrotic mediators. Perinephric fat is associated with hypertension…