…medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic…

…and arm electrodes are placed proximally on the upper arm. Placement of chest (precordial) electrodes are not changed but additional leads may be attached in…

…of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than it is used — not only in claudication, but before every compression treatment…

…in patients who do not exert themselves sufficiently to provoke symptoms. Intermittent claudication Intermittent claudication is exertional discomfort in a limb muscle that improves with…

…upper panel). This negative deflection is generally <1 mm deep. The amplitude of the normal P wave does not exceed 2.5 mm in any…

Procedurer A dislocation is reduced with muscle relaxation, not with force. The methods that work best exploit time, gravity and slow movement; those that fail…

…Meanwhile, deoxygenated blood in the superior vena cava (which returns blood from the head and upper limbs) also enters the right atrium. Oxygenated and deoxygenated…

…Meanwhile, deoxygenated blood in the superior vena cava (which returns blood from the head and upper limbs) also enters the right atrium. Oxygenated and deoxygenated…

…ulcer bleeding are managed differently from the first minute. Peptic ulcer remains the commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but the differential diagnosis includes oesophagitis…

…female Normal <440 ms <430 ms <450 ms Upper limit 440–460 ms 430–450 ms 450–470 ms Prolonged 460 ms 450 ms 470…