…anaphylaxis, deep neck infection, an expanding haematoma, facial trauma. An anticipated course requiring a secured airway — transfer, heavy sedation, surgery — and cardiac arrest. Contraindications There…

…Undrained pneumothorax. Facial trauma, facial burns or recent facial surgery that make a seal impossible. Recent surgery on the oesophagus or upper gastrointestinal tract, ileus…

…a Dieulafoy lesion, angiodysplasia, malignancy and an aortoenteric fistula. Variceal bleeding generally has a higher early mortality than non variceal bleeding [1,2]. Upper gastrointestinal…

…RR interval) Hodges’ formula This method corrects the QT interval by adding a factor based on the difference between the heart rate and 60 beats…

…For example, a patient with acute graft occlusion may report an abrupt reduction in walking distance before claudication, accompanied by moderate pain or paresthesia, while…

…presented in the parenthesis). Values without confidence interval are simply the 98 th percentile (i.e the upper reference limit). Age <1 day 1–3…

…May be accompanied by diaphoresis, dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, faintness, or belching. Radiation to both arms or shoulders has a particularly strong association with myocardial…

…jaw, upper back, and abdomen, as well as dyspnea and nausea (anginal equivalents) [7]. Clinicians must consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac…

…myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cardiac troponin with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit; and…

…uncommon to have a non ischemic ECG (absence of ST T changes) during chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia. This is corroborated by millions of…