…infarction Dyspnoea requires assessment of dynamic LV function, valve disease, pulmonary pressure, or haemodynamics Stress imaging is not recommended in patients undergoing urgent non cardiac…

…and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices. Implantable loop recorders are diagnostic devices rather than pacing or defibrillation systems, but their stored data may also be…

…Demonstration of reduced CFR and/or inducible microvascular spasm. The microvascular circulation cannot be directly visualized in vivo in humans. Consequently, diagnosis depends on functional…

…A CTO may be discovered incidentally during diagnostic angiography. Collateral vessels may maintain distal perfusion and permit visualization of the vessel beyond the occlusion when…

…magnetic resonance imaging has demonstrated procedural injury in patients undergoing either procedure, and postprocedural cTnI elevation correlates with evidence of injury on cardiac magnetic resonance…

…A diagnostic pitfall arises because typical circuits occurring in diseased atria—most frequently following surgery or extensive ablation, or under the influence of antiarrhythmic drugs…

…help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key Formulas BSA Calculation (Mosteller formula): [ …

…or those undergoing aortic valve replacement [1, 5, 10]. A history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for heart failure without disease recognition in…

…Oral vancomycin (only for C. difficile) is likewise dosed independently of renal function. Require drug concentration monitoring Drug Comment : : Vancomycin (intravenous) Loading dose by weight…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction The ECG in the assessment of myocardial reperfusion The ECG is an invaluable tool to assess whether an occlusion has…

…left ventricular hypertrophy. Among patients with NSTE ACS undergoing angiography, approximately 10% have no critical epicardial stenosis. In some of these patients, microvascular obstruction or…

…fibrillation (AF) undergoing anticoagulation therapy, particularly with warfarin. Developed from the ATRIA study cohort, this score aids clinicians in estimating the risk of bleeding complications…

…single loading dose of 60 mg. Maintenance dose : 10 mg once daily. For UA/NSTEMI patients undergoing coronary angiography within 48 hours of hospital admission…

…undergoing anticoagulation therapy. References 1. Gage BF, Yan Y, Milligan PE, et al. Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: results from the National Registry of…

…months , irrespective of stent type. The preferred regimen is aspirin plus a potent P2Y12 inhibitor, usually prasugrel or ticagrelor. In patients undergoing PCI for ACS…

…approximately half of patients undergoing primary PCI have multivessel disease. In ACS complicated by cardiogenic shock, multivessel disease is present in approximately 80% of patients…

…In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, even mild baseline renal dysfunction is associated with worse outcomes. The risk of death at 1 year is increased…