…cooperate — consider sedation, a different position or a different vessel. Choice of site Vessel Advantages Disadvantages : : : Internal jugular vein (right) Best ultrasound conditions, a straight…

…hypercholesterolaemia, and sedentary behaviour; family history, particularly in the broader assessment of peripheral arterial and aortic disease; planned surgery, especially carotid endarterectomy (CEA), coronary artery…

…other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract when a postrenal cause cannot confidently be excluded. 10. Contact nephrology early…

…septum bulges into the left ventricle (i.e. septal bulging ). Bedside echocardiography allows for immediate recognition of tamponade. Typically, acute tamponade arises from aortic dissection…

…Depending on the difference in acoustic impedance between the tissues, the angle of the ultrasound wave may be altered. This is referred to as refraction …

…ultrasound machine for analysis. The reflected sound waves will have the same speed as the emitted sound waves, but the amplitude, frequency and angle of…

…high frequency waves. The frequency of the ultrasound wave must generally be reduced in order to visualize objects located far away from the transducer. Hence…

…and ultrasound physics Unlike light waves, which can propagate through vacuum, sound waves can only propagate through a physical medium. This medium may consist of…

…frequency) . This is actually exploited to calculate the direction and speed of tissue and fluid movements. All structures in a medium can reflect ultrasound waves…

…ultrasound wave (cos θ). The Doppler equation is as follows: v = [c · (f r f e )] / [2 · f u · cos ϴ] The speed of…