…Indications Infusion of vesicant solutions: vasopressors, concentrated potassium, cytotoxic drugs, parenteral nutrition. The need for several simultaneous, incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy …

…targeted duplex ultrasound (DUS), pre operative assessment, or evaluation of other atherosclerotic disease. Routine population screening is not recommended because the prevalence of severe asymptomatic…

…shock, hypoxia and any other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract when a postrenal cause cannot confidently be excluded…

…septum bulges into the left ventricle (i.e. septal bulging ). Bedside echocardiography allows for immediate recognition of tamponade. Typically, acute tamponade arises from aortic dissection…

…Depending on the difference in acoustic impedance between the tissues, the angle of the ultrasound wave may be altered. This is referred to as refraction …

…Figure 2, the ultrasound transducer contains several components. The transducer contains acoustic insulation that ensures that no other sound waves affect the transducer. The crystals…

…high frequency waves. The frequency of the ultrasound wave must generally be reduced in order to visualize objects located far away from the transducer. Hence…

…and ultrasound physics Unlike light waves, which can propagate through vacuum, sound waves can only propagate through a physical medium. This medium may consist of…

…frequency) . This is actually exploited to calculate the direction and speed of tissue and fluid movements. All structures in a medium can reflect ultrasound waves…

…ultrasound wave (cos θ). The Doppler equation is as follows: v = [c · (f r f e )] / [2 · f u · cos ϴ] The speed of…