…targeted duplex ultrasound (DUS), pre operative assessment, or evaluation of other atherosclerotic disease. Routine population screening is not recommended because the prevalence of severe asymptomatic…

…plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous…

…other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract when a postrenal cause cannot confidently be excluded. 10. Contact nephrology early…

…septum bulges into the left ventricle (i.e. septal bulging ). Bedside echocardiography allows for immediate recognition of tamponade. Typically, acute tamponade arises from aortic dissection…

…Reverberations artifacts Ultrasound waves can be reflected multiple times between dense structures ( i.e structures with high echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the…

…ultrasound machine for analysis. The reflected sound waves will have the same speed as the emitted sound waves, but the amplitude, frequency and angle of…

…high frequency waves. The frequency of the ultrasound wave must generally be reduced in order to visualize objects located far away from the transducer. Hence…

…and ultrasound physics Unlike light waves, which can propagate through vacuum, sound waves can only propagate through a physical medium. This medium may consist of…

…frequency) . This is actually exploited to calculate the direction and speed of tissue and fluid movements. All structures in a medium can reflect ultrasound waves…

…ultrasound wave (cos θ). The Doppler equation is as follows: v = [c · (f r f e )] / [2 · f u · cos ϴ] The speed of…