…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen…

…media and recently stopped drugs. 8. Treat sepsis, bleeding, shock, hypoxia and any other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary…

…e. septal bulging ). Bedside echocardiography allows for immediate recognition of tamponade. Typically, acute tamponade arises from aortic dissection, and survival among such patients is, unfortunately…

…is reflected and the remainder continues through the tissues. Depending on the difference in acoustic impedance between the tissues, the angle of the ultrasound wave…

…ultrasound machine for analysis. The reflected sound waves will have the same speed as the emitted sound waves, but the amplitude, frequency and angle of…

…in and shifting focus is that the zoom encloses a specific region of the image, whereas shifting focus simply adjusts the location (along the ultrasound…

…and ultrasound physics Unlike light waves, which can propagate through vacuum, sound waves can only propagate through a physical medium. This medium may consist of…

…Visualization of reflected ultrasound waves. It is in the transition from one tissue to another that most sound waves are reflected and this gives tissue…

…heart and vessels A liquid flowing in a straight cylinder exhibits laminar flow , which implies that the flow velocity is highest at the center of…