…Asymptomatic disease Many patients with carotid stenosis have no focal neurological symptoms. Asymptomatic disease may be discovered during targeted duplex ultrasound (DUS), pre operative assessment…

…is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of ultrasound throughout the puncture, and maintaining maximal barrier precautions without shortcuts…

…other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract when a postrenal cause cannot confidently be excluded. 10. Contact nephrology early…

…on the image. Hence, the ultrasound image may display multiple copies of a dense structure. Such artifacts are referred to as reverberations . Reverberations can also…

…As can be seen from Figure 2, the ultrasound transducer contains several components. The transducer contains acoustic insulation that ensures that no other sound waves…

Echocardiography Principles of image optimization in echocardiography In order to obtain optimal ultrasound images, it is necessary to adjust several parameters continuously during the examination…

Echocardiography Basic sound and ultrasound physics Unlike light waves, which can propagate through vacuum, sound waves can only propagate through a physical medium. This medium…

…take longer to reach the transducer. Ultrasound waves reflected from the same structure can reach the different crystals at different time points . To solve this…

Echocardiography Calculation of hemodynamic parameters by ultrasound Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow dynamics. The physical laws that govern blood flow are fundamental in…