…a traumatic hemorrhage can deplete intravascular volume to such an extent that chest compressions fail to generate stroke volumes. Consequently, addressing reversible causes of cardiac…

…which involves the arch without involvement of the ascending aorta or represents retrograde extension from the descending aorta into the arch that stops before reaching…

…or with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding Refeeding syndrome There is a risk in starvation, alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, or more than 5 days without nutrition…

…vasoconstriction, impaired consciousness, a rising lactate or a worsening acidosis. An assessed need for at least 4 units of red cells within 1 hour. An…

…the commonest cause of permanent loss of function is a tendon injury that was sutured over without being found. Indications A traumatic wound that gapes…

…and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around…

…pericardiotomy syndrome and post traumatic pericarditis, including cases related to cardiovascular interventions. Dressler syndrome now occurs in fewer than 1% of AMI cases and is…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of haemorrhageinduced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 140:37 42. Endo…

…by the position of the head relative to gravity: perform Dix Hallpike and, if needed, the supine roll test. Spontaneous attacks without a clear trigger…

…vena cava without respiratory variation Strongly suggests a raised filling pressure Marked respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus…