ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Factors that modify infarct size and the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE ACS (NSTEMI…

…The discrepancy between traditional figures and recent studies is due to the dramatic decrease in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes over the past decades…

…Aspirin for long term secondary prevention Standard role Aspirin remains the traditional antiplatelet agent for long term secondary prevention in patients with established coronary disease…

…conventional hypertension threshold. The traditional diagnostic threshold of 140/90 mmHg derives from epidemiological observations associating pressures above this level with increased mortality. Contemporary management…

…and undertreatment. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors Several conventional risk factors have sex dependent effects: Blood pressure rises more steeply in women from young adulthood, resulting…

…also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The association is mediated by both traditional and kidney specific pathways. Diabetes…

…More than 30 days to 1 year Very late More than 1 year Traditional definitions focused on cases presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and…

…myocardial infarction (STEMI). The traditional term “vulnerable plaque” describes an atherosclerotic lesion thought to be susceptible to disruption and thrombosis. Typical features include a lipid…

…frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity. The hallmark of stable coronary artery disease…

…frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity. The hallmark of stable coronary artery disease…

…fibers results in longitudinal, radial and circumferential shortening (contraction). Traditional methods for investigating left ventricular function — e.g ejection fraction (EF), fractional sorting (FS), etc —…

…aVR, aVL and aVF. Figure 1 shows the traditional presentation of the 12 lead ECG. This presentation format is the standard in the United States…

…Accurate risk stratification is pivotal in guiding therapeutic decisions for LQTS patients. Traditional assessment methods have focused on genotype and QTc interval prolongation. In 2018…

…Accurate risk stratification is pivotal in guiding therapeutic decisions for LQTS patients. Traditional assessment methods have focused on genotype and QTc interval prolongation. In 2018…

…Addison disease, SLE and type 1 diabetes. Traditional factors such as smoking, family history of premature coronary disease, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia did not fully explain…

…frequently non classical. Contemporary clinical populations include only a minority with symptoms having all of the traditional aggravating and relieving characteristics of angina; many patients…

…It is important to note that a traditional 12 lead ECG only presents a few seconds of myocardial electrical activity and there is a chance…

…from health screening to assessment of symptoms after coronary artery bypass surgery. Traditionally, the most common indication for exercise stress testing has been the diagnostic…

…coronary ostia, and acquiring multiple angiographic projections. Although traditionally regarded as an anatomical examination, contemporary ICA can provide complementary functional and structural information. Coronary pressure…

…is usually transient. Late post acute myocardial infarction pericarditis , traditionally termed Dressler syndrome , which is a manifestation of post cardiac injury syndrome (PCIS). PCIS is…

…protocols & equipment: cycle ergometer (bicycle) vs. treadmill The choice of exercise equipment and protocol depends mainly on local traditions. The treadmill and cycle ergometer (bicycle)…

…which requires body plethysmography DLCO Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide An obstructive pattern: FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal (traditionally < 0.70)…

…stented segment or at its margins. Angiographic restenosis has traditionally been described as a follow up diameter stenosis exceeding 50%, whereas clinical restenosis refers to…

…are caused by calcification of the aortic valve. Calcification has traditionally been considered a passive degenerative process, but emerging evidence suggests it is propelled by…

…AVRT (Pre excitation, Wolff Parkinson White syndrome) and ectopic atrial tachycardia have traditionally been referred to as paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias , because these tachyarrhythmias originate in…

…develop earlier. Standard textbooks have traditionally taught that the pathological Q wave is a permanent ECG manifestation and that it represents transmural infarction (STEMI). However…

…in light of the improvements in the management of hypertension (coronary heart disease and hypertension are traditionally viewed as the main drivers of heart failure)…

…in light of the improvements in the management of hypertension (coronary heart disease and hypertension are traditionally viewed as the main drivers of heart failure)…

…the cardioversion itself. Duration reliably under 48 hours: cardioversion has traditionally been possible without prior anticoagulation. The 2024 ESC guidelines and several Swedish clinical knowledge…

…patient , since positive airway pressure further reduces the venous return. Procedure Choice of access The ultrasound, not tradition, determines the site. Scan subxiphoid, parasternally and…

…The P wave, PR interval and PR segment ECG interpretation traditionally starts with an assessment of the P wave. The P wave reflects atrial depolarization…

…These three findings constitute the main criteria for diagnosing endocarditis. Traditionally, it has been considered that endocarditis can be diagnosed if at least two criteria…

…TAPSE (Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion) TAPSE is traditionally measured by placing the M mode cursor at the lateral tricuspid annulus from the apical four…

…Moreover, management of NSTEMI and unstable angina is virtually equal and this explains why NSTEMI and unstable angina have traditionally been grouped. The chain of…