…prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Stroke Contraindications Cross reactivity: Do not administer to patients with a history of asthma…

…history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for heart failure without disease recognition in the 3 years preceding diagnosis is also a notable red…

…is not on its own an absolute indication for intubation. Assess ventilation, airway protection, the expected course and the possibility of rapid reversal with an…

…heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its…

…of poisoning. Charcoal also does not bind every poison. With the following substances charcoal is ineffective and management is instead governed by the antidote, supportive…

…effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma, and during treatment with pulmonary toxic drugs…

…AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often…

…trigger: consider vestibular migraine, Ménière's disease, TIA and arrhythmia, among others. Acute severe balance disturbance without nystagmus: HINTS does not apply. Assess gait and…

…Pathophysiology Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside present throughout the body that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of cardiac…

…synthesis Electrical channelopathies Oxidative stress Cellular apoptosis and necrosis Progressive structural remodelling Alcohol associated hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use…

…recommend a 3 generation family history and consideration of genetic testing for all patients with non ischemic HFrEF. Toxic and infiltrative causes are increasingly recognized…

…classic LDL receptor, are not downregulated by intracellular cholesterol accumulation. Consequently, macrophages indiscriminately phagocytose oxLDL until they become engorged with lipid droplets, transforming into characteristic…

…start anaesthetic treatment with EEG After clinical cessation of the seizure Assess the recovery of consciousness. Urgent EEG if the patient does not wake or…

…discussion: the ECG blog Myocardial ischemia and infarction Myocardial ischemia The definition of ischemia may appear trivial but it is actually a very complicated topic…

…antivenom Botulism (botulinum toxin) Botulism Ininum antitoxin Beta blocker Glucagon IV Calcium flow inhibitor (calcium blocker) Calcium iv High dose insulin with glucose IV Carbamates…

…level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification. Benzodiazepines reduce the…

…s formula. Note that a QTc interval 480 is always considered pathological. For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. The…

…pain, dyspnoea, dizziness, and neurological deficits. Neurological involvement Hypertensive encephalopathy may present with somnolence, lethargy, tonic–clonic seizures, cortical blindness, and, in advanced cases, loss…

…to moderate exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with obstructive lung disease or asthma. Irregular wide complex tachycardia (absolute…

…still very low among most patients with early repolarization. Difference between relative and absolute risk Readers not familiar with the terms absolute and relative risk…

…as it does not represent a true conduction block but rather a delay in the propagation of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles…

…typically discrete and not on a par with the degree of left ventricular impairment. Pathophysiology of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) This topic is still…