…disorders. Patients with severe kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min). Patients with mild to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially…

…history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for heart failure without disease recognition in the 3 years preceding diagnosis is also a notable red…

…Comment : : Plasma glucose Taken immediately and repeated in impaired consciousness, or with insulin, a sulfonylurea, a beta blocker or liver failure Blood gas pH, pCO2…

…heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its…

…or more. Discuss this with the poison control centre. Gastric lavage is considered only after a life threatening ingestion of a highly toxic substance, where…

…effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma, and during treatment with pulmonary toxic drugs…

…AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often…

…Ménière's disease, TIA, arrhythmia, panic attack, hypoglycaemia History, neurological examination, hearing, cardiac examination, ECG, selective vascular imaging Traumatic or toxic syndrome Onset after trauma…

…Pathophysiology Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside present throughout the body that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of cardiac…

…synthesis Electrical channelopathies Oxidative stress Cellular apoptosis and necrosis Progressive structural remodelling Alcohol associated hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use…

…recommend a 3 generation family history and consideration of genetic testing for all patients with non ischemic HFrEF. Toxic and infiltrative causes are increasingly recognized…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…epilepticus in adults is present with: an ongoing generalised tonic clonic seizure lasting at least 5 minutes, or repeated generalised tonic clonic seizures without the…

…discussion: the ECG blog Myocardial ischemia and infarction Myocardial ischemia The definition of ischemia may appear trivial but it is actually a very complicated topic…

…antivenom Botulism (botulinum toxin) Botulism Ininum antitoxin Beta blocker Glucagon IV Calcium flow inhibitor (calcium blocker) Calcium iv High dose insulin with glucose IV Carbamates…

…or tactile hallucinations with a relatively clear level of consciousness and preserved orientation 12 to 48 hours Withdrawal seizures, usually generalised tonic clonic and sometimes…

…s formula. Note that a QTc interval 480 is always considered pathological. For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. The…

…pain, dyspnoea, dizziness, and neurological deficits. Neurological involvement Hypertensive encephalopathy may present with somnolence, lethargy, tonic–clonic seizures, cortical blindness, and, in advanced cases, loss…

…to moderate exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with obstructive lung disease or asthma. Irregular wide complex tachycardia (absolute…

…by Haïssaguerre et al it was reported that early repolarization was associated with 3–5 times as great a risk of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and…

…ECG displays first degree AV block (PR interval ≥0,22 s) along with wide QRS complexes (QRS duration ≥0,12 s) there is a high…

…and not on a par with the degree of left ventricular impairment. Pathophysiology of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) This topic is still under investigation…