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Acute Limb Ischaemia: Recognition and Urgent Management

…less dramatic despite a sudden deterioration in function. The severity of tissue injury depends on the site, duration and completeness of occlusion and on the…

Metabolic Syndrome: Definition and Clinical Significance

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

Performing Echocardiographic Examinations

…the heart comes closer to the thoracic wall, with less lung tissue covering the heart. Some images in adult TTE are obtained with the patient…

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor

…incorporating relevant demographic variables; cystatin C may also be used as a filtration marker. CKD is one of the strongest independent risk factors for cardiovascular…

Standard Transthoracic Echocardiogram: Complete Imaging Protocol

…index marker , which is pointed differently in each echocardiographic view. A corresponding marker is shown in the ultrasound image. The index marker facilitates orientation. Any…

Ventricular Tachycardia

…beat in each electrocardiographic lead. MMVT strongly indicates a stable, fixed arrhythmogenic substrate, most commonly a macro reentrant circuit anchored around myocardial scar tissue [5…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…chemistry & laboratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology B type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N terminal pro BNP (NT proBNP) are circulating markers of myocardial wall stress…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…scar tissue, a tattoo or skin disease at the injection site. Known hypersensitivity to the preparation. Intramuscular injection in marked coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia (< 50…

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection

…sudden cardiac death. SCAD differs pathogenetically from atherosclerotic type 1 MI. It is an infrequent cause of ACS overall but represents a substantial proportion of…

Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT, PET), coronary blood flow and flow reserve (CFR)

…myocardial tissue, aiding revascularization decisions when the potential benefits are uncertain. Myocardial perfusion imaging is based on the principle that myocardial blood flow demonstrates marked…

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