…causes of cardiac tamponade culminating in cardiac arrest include: Aortic dissection : The proximal 4 5 cm of the aortic root is covered within the pericardium…

…E wave velocity during inhalation. Since the left ventricle is not filled normally, there is more room for the right ventricle, the filling of which…

CPR Pneumothorax Pneumothorax is characterized by the presence of free air in the thoracic cavity. While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in…

…gas or fumes. Preoperative assessment before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment effect and of…

…These disruptions may initiate or complicate the haematoma. IMH most frequently involves the descending thoracic aorta, which is affected in approximately 60%–70% of cases…

…intimal tear or flap. AAS is classified anatomically according to involvement of the ascending aorta: Stanford type A: involves the ascending aorta, with or without…

…Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often a reversible arrhythmia with…

…left lateral decubitus position. In this position, the heart comes closer to the thoracic wall, with less lung tissue covering the heart. Some images in…

…order to come to the expression on ECG. Moderate right ventricular hypertrophy may not alter the ECG significantly. The ECG is particularly helpful in RVH…

…aspiration: a new pleural effusion of unclear cause. An effusion not confidently explained by heart failure must be aspirated. Suspected empyema or complicated parapneumonic effusion…

…approximately 50–95% of healthy individuals, whereas sensitive, but not high sensitivity, assays detect troponin in approximately 20–50%. Their greater analytical sensitivity improves diagnostic…

…statin therapy at the highest tolerated dose. Addition of ezetimibe if the LDL C target is not achieved. Addition of a PCSK9 inhibitor when the…

…function is normal). Unfortunately, the compressions also increase pressure in the thoracic veins (paravertebral veins, epidural veins) that drain the brain. Increased pressure in these…

…addressing reversible etiologies takes precedence over chest compressions. If trauma is not definitively established as the cause of cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be…

…dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics may be used for symptom relief…