…Pneumothorax is characterized by the presence of free air in the thoracic cavity. While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in healthy individuals…

…fumes. Preoperative assessment before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment effect and of disease progression…

…involves the descending thoracic aorta, which is affected in approximately 60%–70% of cases. The ascending aorta is involved in about 30% and the arch…

…media. Blood then propagates along the wall, creating a true lumen and a false lumen separated by an intimal flap. Propagation may be antegrade or…

…atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute…

CPR Tamponade and cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest associated with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops…

…and also avoid bending the back during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause of pain and sickness absence for ultrasound practitioners…

…less sensitive with respect to RVH, because the right ventricle is difficult to visualize clearly with trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung…

…of the rib, never at the lower border where the neurovascular bundle lies, and the drainage is stopped for coughing, chest pain, or when the…

…however, emphasize that symptoms and vital signs contribute to initial triage and that alternative cardiac and thoracic diagnoses must be considered. The immediate clinical categories…

…PCSK9 inhibition in thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysmal disease remains an emerging area of research. Pharmacological Classes and Mechanisms Monoclonal Antibodies Evolocumab and alirocumab are…

…constrictive pericarditis. The ECG can show low voltage and nonspecific ST T changes. Conventional thoracic X ray sometimes reveals calcification of the pericardium. With MRI…

…pressure in the thoracic veins (paravertebral veins, epidural veins) that drain the brain. Increased pressure in these veins is propagated to the brain and count

…airway and thoracic injuries. Tension pneumothorax : Tension pneumothorax increases intrathoracic pressure, which subsequently compresses larger thoracic veins and thus inhibits venous return to the heart…

…severity. Tricuspid stenosis is visually characterized by thickened leaflets, with reduced motion and potentially fused commisures. Continuous Doppler is used to assess the stenosis. Doppler…