Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…outcomes. Preserving right ventricular function is therefore an important therapeutic objective. Exercise intolerance Exercise limitation is multifactorial. In addition to elevated exercise induced filling pressures…

…Patient preferences, local expertise and operator or institutional experience Assessment of coronary complexity The SYNTAX score is used to characterize coronary anatomical complexity. It incorporates…

…required in asymptomatic patients. Before drug treatment, recommended or suggested measures include: reassurance; exercise training; volume expansion; avoidance of cardiac stimulants. Beta blockers have been…

…therapeutic rationale for disease modifying treatment is to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure, and improve symptoms, functional capacity and quality of…

…pressure are common in later life. These changes contribute to the complexity of defining an appropriate treatment target, particularly when a lower DBP, orthostatic hypotension…

…or selectively after initial medical treatment. The presence of ST segment changes or a positive troponin assay identifies patients in whom an invasive strategy is…

…Evaluation of coronary artery disease. Assessment of therapeutic response. Exercise testing can be used to evaluate the effect of medications or interventions such as PCI…

…commonly coexist and should be considered part of the clinical cardiovascular phenotype. Weight reduction and increased physical activity can improve metabolic control and exercise capacity…

…fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of digitalis toxicity, which manifests across multiple organ systems…