…rheumatic heart disease, connective tissue disease, eosinophilic myocarditis), toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In these…

…systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis, vasculitides, mixed connective tissue disease, myositis, Sjögren syndrome, gout and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Collectively, these disorders are associated with…

…dysplasia (FMD), which may produce arterial wall abnormalities and intramural haematomas. Inherited connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. FMD may be…

…Excess adipose tissue promotes: Chronic, low grade systemic inflammation Insulin resistance Abnormal adipokine signalling Endothelial dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular…

…Similar to vascular endothelium, the endocardium contains an underlying basement membrane and a small layer of loose connective tissue. The endocardium joins the endothelium that…

…leads and various lead systems, we need to clarify the difference between ECG leads and ECG electrodes . An electrode is a conductive pad that is…

Calculators CHA2DS2 VASc Score Calculator Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Age = 75 years Diabetes Mellitus Stroke/TIA/TE Vascular disease Age 65 74 years Sex…

…and a difficult to palpate apex beat [10]. Despite congestive heart failure, a third or fourth heart sound is rarely heard due to restrictive pathophysiology…

…commonly used CHA2DS2 VASc score incorporates the following variables: Risk factor Points Congestive heart failure 1 Hypertension 1 Age ≥75 years 2 Diabetes mellitus 1…

…left ventricular dysfunction, valve disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking…