…of its spread in textbooks, this theory has not been proven, mostly because we have never been able to measure oxygen demand (measuring oxygen supply…

…particularly in significant coronary artery stenosis. Stress can be induced pharmacologically with coronary vasodilatory agents or simulated hemodynamically through exercise or the use of chronotropic…

…2. The arterial supply of the conduction system. As seen, the sinoatrial node is supplied by the right coronary artery in 60% of individuals, and…

…of coronary thrombi in a significant proportion of deceased patients. Historically referred to as coronary thrombosis, the term myocardial infarction ultimately prevailed. The need for…

…4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI because they represent coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of a stent thrombosis or restenosis…

…factors. Plaque erosion Plaque erosion is increasingly recognized and is present in at least one third of acute coronary syndromes in the cited material. Eroded…

…an atherosclerotic plaque may prevent oxygen supply from increasing in parallel with oxygen demands. Depending on several factors– including the severity of the stenosis/occlusion…

…may also result in mitral prolapse. Extensive myocardial infarction may lead to papillary muscle rupture. The risk of rupture is greater for the posteromedial papillary…

Procedurer The result of a repair is determined before the first needle goes in. A wound that has not been irrigated clean, has not been…

…Thus, supply and demand are balanced and no ischemia occurs. (Some individuals display a benign form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this…

…demand and coronary blood supply, resulting in myocardial hypoperfusion or ischaemia. Ischaemia is commonly precipitated by exertion, emotional stress, or another form of physiological stress…

…Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand…

…thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient's need for help matter more than a single…

…more difficult, which explains why individuals with bundle branch blocks are treated sub optimally (in terms of evidence based medications and use of PCI), as…

…syndrome (ACS) comprises a spectrum of clinical presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia. It includes patients with recent changes in symptoms or clinical signs…

…MINOCA accounts for approximately 1–14% of ACS presentations in different series and approximately 5–10% of patients presenting with myocardial infarction in other reports…

…Indications Stress echocardiography is used in patients with suspected or known CAD when the clinical question concerns the presence, extent, severity, or location of inducible…

…In a fascicular block, the myocardium without fascicular supply will depend on impulses spreading from other parts of the ventricle (where the fascicle is intact…

…Echocardiography in mitral stenosis Echocardiographic assessment of mitral stenosis includes visual and 2D imaging, as well as Doppler measurements to assess the degree of stenosis…

…a predominantly focal epicardial lesion that may not be strongly flow limiting. In contrast, preserved FFR with reduced CFR may indicate coronary microvascular dysfunction or…

…are components of the myocardial contractile apparatus and are expressed predominantly in cardiac muscle. Troponin I is highly specific for myocardial injury. Interpretation of troponin…

…The right dominant system is by far the most common anatomy, occurring in 90% of all individuals. Right coronary artery (RCA) The right coronary artery…

…cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure…

…the strongest predictors of mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease after accounting for age. Chronotropic response, blood pressure behaviour and the development of arrhythmias provide…