…care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is an acute or subacute worsening…

…examination : : : : Acute vestibular syndrome Acute or subacute onset, continuous dizziness lasting hours to days, often with nausea, nystagmus, motion intolerance and difficulty walking Vestibular neuritis…

…Elective or subacute: Symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation where rhythm control is the aim. Atrial flutter, which often converts at low energy and is difficult to…

…subacute obstruction or gastric retention — the commonest indication on a surgical ward. Decompression in severe vomiting where the stomach does not empty. Intraoperatively and postoperatively…

…Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text are commonly used to prevent or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification…

…days. Subacute: 15–90 days. Chronic: more than 90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels…

…prompt investigation for possible subacute cardiac rupture, particularly when the effusion develops in the early post infarction period. Clinical presentation and symptoms The characteristic clinical…

…and procedural factors. Temporal classification Category Timing after stent implantation Acute 0–24 hours Subacute More than 24 hours to 30 days Late More than…

…Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text are commonly used to prevent or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification…

…but the other causes are either subacute or non acute. The history taking must be systematic and accurate because the history itself is often sufficient…

…people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant valvular disease. Table 1. Etiologies in acute endocarditis. Table 2. Etiologies in subacute endocarditis…

…Figure 1. Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for echocardiography. The left ventricle is divided into 17 segments for 2D echocardiography. One can identify these segments…

…left ventricular stroke volume produces an exaggerated inspiratory fall in systemic systolic blood pressure, termed pulsus paradoxus. Tamponade is therefore characterized haemodynamically by elevation and…

…The pericardium may temporarily seal the rupture, producing subacute tamponade and cardiogenic shock rather than immediate death. Papillary muscle rupture Papillary muscle rupture causes abrupt…

…acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before…