…on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is an acute or subacute worsening of dyspnoea, cough and…

…3]. Step 1: classify by time course and triggers Syndrome Typical course Common or important causes Targeted examination : : : : Acute vestibular syndrome Acute or subacute onset…

…excitation with atrial fibrillation and a very rapid ventricular rate. Elective or subacute: Symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation where rhythm control is the aim. Atrial flutter…

…Indications Decompression in ileus, subacute obstruction or gastric retention — the commonest indication on a surgical ward. Decompression in severe vomiting where the stomach does not…

…Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text are commonly used to prevent or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification…

…aorta. Type III: originates in the descending aorta, usually just distal to the left subclavian artery. Type IIIa: remains confined to the descending thoracic aorta…

…up and leans forward. Pain may be retrosternal or left precordial and can radiate to the neck, arms, or left shoulder. It may occasionally be…

…Temporal classification Category Timing after stent implantation Acute 0–24 hours Subacute More than 24 hours to 30 days Late More than 30 days to…

…Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text are commonly used to prevent or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification…

…the precordium and may radiate to the neck, shoulder, jaw, back, upper abdomen, and left or right arm. Onset and evolution How do symptoms start…

…change or degeneration. Endocarditis with alpha streptococcus is most often subacute and can develop gradually over several days to weeks. More acute endocarditis is often…

…acute, or subacute –lead to regional abnormalities in contractile function. The abnormalities affect the myocardial area supplied by the arteries distal to the occlusion or…

…occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left sided filling, reduced stroke volume…

…infarction (STEMI). The principal lesions are: Ventricular septal rupture (VSR), producing an acute left to right shunt. Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac…

…In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest…