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Blood transfusion and massive haemorrhage

Procedurer The most serious transfusion accidents rarely stem from laboratory errors but from the wrong blood being given to the wrong patient — a mislabelled tube…

Neutropenic fever: quick reference for emergency management

…of chemotherapy, but the timing varies considerably between regimens. Neutropenia can also be caused by haematological malignancy, stem cell transplantation, immunosuppressive drugs, radiotherapy, bone marrow…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

…fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [1] . Historically viewed as a simple plumbing problem characterized by the…

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: quick reference

…and can also be seen when the bleeding is slow or has stopped. The first steps Step Content : : 1 ABCDE. Assess the level of consciousness…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…tends to occur in vessels with little or no lipid core, rich proteoglycans, and many smooth muscle cells, leading to a white, platelet rich thrombus…

Factors that modify the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

…and still is, suggested that ischemic myocardium secretes protective substances that affect and precondition the metabolism of myocardial cells. Researchers have pushed the notion that…

The ECG in assessment of myocardial reperfusion

…Figure 2. The electrocardiographic natural course in STEMI (ST elevation myocardial infarction). Inversion of T waves indicates reperfusion The slow natural normalization of ST segment…

Vulnerable Plaque and Mechanisms of Acute Coronary Occlusion

…non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The traditional term “vulnerable plaque” describes an atherosclerotic lesion thought to…

Pericarditis, myocarditis & perimyocarditis: ECG, criteria & treatment

…confuse acute pericarditis and STEMI. This is further complicated by the fact that acute myocarditis may cause elevated troponin levels (myocardial cells may die as…

Short and long-term prognostication in cardiac arrest

…understanding of hypoxic neuronal cell death stems largely from studies in stroke, which differs pathophysiologically from cardiac arrest. In stroke, neuronal cell death begins in…

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