…bag mask ventilation or failed intubation — and already at the planning stage when the MACOCHA score or the LEMON assessment indicates that difficulties are likely…

…Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced…

…1]. Three questions must be answered immediately: 1. Is there obstruction to urine flow? 2. Is the patient hypovolaemic, adequately filled or fluid overloaded? 3…

…coronary circulation and may involve multiple vessels. Pregnancy associated SCAD can occur at any stage of pregnancy or after delivery, although more than 70% of…

…dynamic, immune mediated fibroproliferative response to endothelial injury [2] . The process initiates with endothelial dysfunction, a state provoked by systemic risk factors such as hypertension…

…renal imaging Risk of progression rises with proteinuria and depends on cause 2 60 mL/min/1.73 m² Abnormal urinalysis or renal imaging Mild…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a…

…Diabetic ketoacidosis, DKA Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state, HHS : : : Glucose Plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L or previously known diabetes Plasma glucose ≥ 33.3 mmol/L Ketones…

Echocardiography Aortic stenosis The aortic valve area is normally 3.0 to 4.0 cm 2 . Aortic stenosis is a progressive disease that leads to…

…circulation. 2. Assess the neurological symptoms and at the same time exclude other acute causes, for example hypoglycaemia, poisoning, stroke, meningitis and a postictal state…

…to apolipoprotein(a). The length of apolipoprotein(a) varies because of genetically determined differences in the number of kringle IV type 2 repeats. Lp(a)…

…body's capacity for heat elimination. Hyperthermia can induce an inflammatory state similar to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F…

…de and repolarization ions (Na + [sodium], K + [potassium] and Ca 2+ [calcium]) flow back and forth across the cell membrane. Because ions are electrically charged…

…of ≥50%, accompanied by objective evidence of structural and/or functional cardiac abnormalities and/or elevated natriuretic peptides (NPs) [1] [2] . The evolution of HF…

…haemorrhage , and state the patient's location and identity, the presumed cause of bleeding, and how the products are to be delivered. 2. Designate a…

…1. Is the patient haemodynamically compromised, or are there signs of ongoing major bleeding? 2. Is there cirrhosis, or another strong suspicion of portal hypertension…

…Because of this prolonged terminal half life, achieving steady state concentration without a loading dose takes approximately 265 days. Interpatient variability mandates close clinical monitoring…

…outer epicardial layers, producing ST elevations over the ischemic zone [15]. In the earliest stages of ischemia, this may manifest as tall, positive hyperacute T…

…triad: blood stasis, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability [1] [2] . Mechanical stasis in AF is most pronounced in the left atrial appendage (LAA). The LAA is…

…40% [14] . This distinction is paramount for practicing cardiologists: HFimpEF represents a state of myocardial remission rather than true recovery. Data from the TRED HF…

…for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R wave progression…

…ablation and sophisticated device therapy [1] [2] . This exhaustive review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of VT management for the practicing cardiologist…

…150–250: add homocysteine or methylmalonic acid Folate 7 nmol/L Electrolytes and renal function See the renal parameters for the eGFR stages and albuminuria…

…host response to infection. Clinically this usually corresponds to an acute increase in the SOFA score of at least 2 points. Septic shock is the…

…15 mmHg, and PVR ≤2 Wood units may have increased pulmonary blood flow rather than pulmonary vascular disease. This state is termed unclassified PH. Potential…

…stabilized. This usually takes 2 to 3 days and the patient must not have experienced chest pain during the last 12 hours before exercise. Patients…

…for a kind of octopus trap (the left ventricle takes the shape of that octopus trap). Refer to Figure 1 and Figure 2. Figure 1…

…repolarization in ECG (A) is characterized by upward concavity of the ST segment and positive T waves. In ECG (B) they state something similar. Unfortunately…

…adipokine signalling Endothelial dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF…

…with each dose adjustment, typically waiting 2 to 3 days to attain a steady state concentration before further adjusting the dose. Electrophysiology Sotalol prolongs the…

…hypoxia before cell death begins. It appears that neurons are unable to transition into a similar state with downregulated metabolism, which is presumed to explain…

Echocardiography Constrictive pericarditis: the end stage of pericardial inflammation Constrictive pericarditis is the result of chronic inflammation of the pericardium. In principle, all causes of…

…hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease, may produce elevated troponin concentrations. The probability of MI increases continuously as the absolute hs cTn…

…treatment. Reported risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, end stage renal disease, and death may be two to six fold higher in affected adults. True, apparent…

…despite restoration of epicardial flow. The electrocardiographic appearance depends on several interacting factors: The stage of the ischaemic process: acute, evolving or chronic The severity…

…kg. Renal impairment No dose adjustment is required, including for patients with end stage renal disease. Limited experience exists for patients with impaired renal function…

…therapy. In this setting, the risk of sudden death and end stage heart failure is high, and assessment for advanced therapies may be required. Evaluation…

…This distinction provides a practical framework for selecting treatment: Clinical state Principal management approach Congestion without hypoperfusion Intravenous loop diuretic therapy Congestion with hypoperfusion Loop…

…metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis, which has a more prominent inflammatory component and may progress to cirrhosis and end stage liver disease. Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty…

Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

…kidney function (eGFR 60 mL/min/1.73 m²), potentially leading to misclassification of CKD stages. Population Specificity: The equation was derived from a study…

…not exclude a coronary cause of symptoms. CCS is a clinical syndrome rather than a permanently stable state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods…

…aims to treat all lesions producing myocardial ischaemia, either during the same procedure or through staged intervention. The rationale for complete revascularization is that untreated…

…anxiety, or distress have transient BP elevation that improves when the precipitating state resolves. The distinction is therefore not based on the BP value alone…

…occult lesions, and optimize percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Imaging can therefore influence several stages of intervention: lesion preparation; selection of stent diameter and length; identification…

…By contrast, chronic hypoperfusion may result in hibernating myocardium: a persistently dysfunctional but potentially recoverable state. The chronically dysfunctional myocardium in ischemic cardiomyopathy is therefore…

…Taught by professor Smith, any reader is guaranteed to quickly acquire state of the art knowledge and practical training. Professor Smith published a book as…

…et al (2002) . The existence of these stages is supported by a wide range of experimental and clinical studies. The electrical phase and circulatory phase…

…ECG) become apparent. In contrast, modalities like echocardiography and ECG typically identify ischemia at later stages, when functional or electrical alterations are evident. Subjective symptoms…

…not a neprilysin substrate, it remains more closely related to the clinical state during treatment with an angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor. Clinical Applications Natriuretic peptides…

…less common presentations, with or without pain, include sudden loss of consciousness, a confusional state, profound weakness, the appearance of an arrhythmia, evidence of peripheral…

…stronger electrical potentials. However, severe dilatation (late stages) is usually associated with poor ventricular function and lower QRS amplitudes. Hypertrophy and dilatation may coexist. Moreover…

…stroke, cognitive dysfunction, Parkinsonism, vegetative state, or brain death. The cause of brain injuries is anoxic cell death, continued dysfunction in cerebral blood flow (autoregulation…