…dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation…

…Criteria for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) The diagnosis of STEMI relies on specific electrocardiographic thresholds for ST segment elevation measured at the J point…

…by an abnormal prolongation of the QT interval on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG), which predisposes the myocardium to a specific form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia…

…are components of the myocardial contractile apparatus and are expressed predominantly in cardiac muscle. Troponin I is highly specific for myocardial injury. Interpretation of troponin…

…examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in engineering, software development…

…relationship between triglyceride concentrations and aortic disease is less clearly defined, although triglycerides may contribute to the development and progression of aortic pathology. Severe HTG…

…and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R wave progression. Figure 1. Pathological R wave progression is indicative of previous myocardial infarction…

…Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia Preterm delivery Gestational…

…impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate…

…reserve (FFR) is an invasive, lesion specific physiological index used to estimate the functional significance of an epicardial coronary stenosis. It is defined during maximal…

…but against the age specific reference values below. Method of interpretation Heart rate Heart rhythm The P wave The PR interval The QRS complex The…

…condition is primarily attributed to specific genetic mutations: loss of function mutations in KCNQ1 (LQT1) and KCNH2 (LQT2), and gain of function mutations in SCN5A …

…condition is primarily attributed to specific genetic mutations: loss of function mutations in KCNQ1 (LQT1) and KCNH2 (LQT2), and gain of function mutations in SCN5A …

…and reliable screening tool for body composition, risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers. BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated…

…alternative etiologies are excluded by diagnostic testing or failed therapeutic trials. If alternative causes of cough are suspected, specific diagnostic pathways may be pursued. Spirometry

…Several underlying conditions increase a patient's sensitivity to digitalis related arrhythmias. The clinician must evaluate for the presence of worsening renal function, advanced age…

…to treat (NNT) for the ACLS specific interventions is much higher or uncertain, meaning that the efficacy of these interventions is much lower or uncertain…

…assays. False positive elevations of troponin are rarely explained by such interference ( Bularga et al ). Age, sex and renal function affect baseline troponin levels. Troponin…

…and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test Indications…

…Always follow the local protocol for exact infusion rates, electrolyte concentrations and level of care. This quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises…

…responds to further cholinesterase inhibition. The test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and is not specific: motor neurone disease, myopathies and Lambert–Eaton syndrome…

…blocker, a calcium channel blocker or digitalis, while awaiting the antidote and specific treatment. Bradyasystole during and after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive…

…the last dose, the renal function and the severity of the bleeding 7 Manage antiplatelet drugs according to their indication. Do not routinely stop aspirin…

…a specific form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia characterized by irregular (polymorphic) QRS complexes that appear to twist around the isoelectric baseline. The risk of ventricular…

…coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions (CTOs), calcification…

…prediction of long term outcomes after revascularization. It incorporates both anatomical (from the original SYNTAX Score) and clinical variables (e.g., age, sex, renal function…

…describes approximately a four fold greater risk. This difference informs the use of sex specific surveillance and repair thresholds. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Most AAAs…

…and Symptoms The source material does not provide specific information on the clinical presentation and symptoms of the underlying conditions for which ACE inhibitors are…

…digitalis excess. Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings The source material does not provide information on biomarkers or laboratory findings specific to the evaluation of bradycardia. Treatment…

Cardiology Definition and purpose Cardiovascular risk assessment estimates an individual’s probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over a defined period. SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older…

…and may be the first clinically important manifestation of an otherwise unrecognized inflammatory disease. Epidemiology and disease specific patterns Patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease have…

…an acute coronary process. Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce…

…pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months and have health implications…

…by itself, establish the presence or haemodynamic significance of a specific stenosis. Clinical Role and Indications CAC scoring is principally a risk stratification tool for…

…Initial hs cTn measurement Continuous cardiac monitoring The source material does not provide a detailed list of physical examination findings or a specific examination sequence…

…plasma concentrations of the two peptides are not interchangeable. Natriuretic peptide concentrations reflect haemodynamic stress, but their release is not specific to left ventricular systolic…

…objective is restoration of coronary blood flow to the infarct zone, thereby limiting infarct size and preserving myocardial function. The benefit of reperfusion is strongly…

…lead correlates directly with the projection of the heart vector onto that specific lead vector [3]. When the direction of cardiac activation is parallel to…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Myocardial infarction (MI) is a clinical diagnosis that integrates myocardial injury, evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia, electrocardiographic findings…

…III antiarrhythmic agents depending on the specific drug and dosage [1]. Acute Management and Treatment Alternatives The management of TdP and related malignant ventricular arrhythmias…

…is mediated by the combined effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Cardiology Definition and Pathophysiology Vasovagal syncope represents the most common form of neurally mediated syncope (NMS), a disorder of autonomic reflexes. It…

…of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely, the 2023 ACC/AHA guidelines retain the "VASc" nomenclature but clarify that female sex functions…

…Table 1 delineates substances for which specific antidotes are available. The detrimental effects of these substances can potentially be reversed if interventions are promptly instituted…

…of serious arrhythmias. This is possible because there is a correlation between the severity of electrolyte imbalance and the visible ECG changes. Specific electrolyte disorders…

…stenosis, decompensated heart failure, and uncontrolled arrhythmias. Pharmacologic stress agents have specific contraindications: Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Regadenoson : Should be avoided in patients with active bronchospasm, severe…

…non specific ST T changes are very common. Non specific ST depressions, T wave inversions (negative T waves) do not affect the management of cardiac…

…acquire an understanding of the overarching concepts. Arrhythmogenesis (mechanisms of arrhythmias) is presented in this chapter, followed by in depth discussions of specific arrhythmias in…

…is also possible to zoom in on regions of interest; e.g the aortic valve can be zoomed in to study its anatomy and function…

…flow. These imaging modalities are highly sensitive and specific in evaluating perfusion and also play a role in determining the viability of compromised myocardial tissue…

…distance of the reflector ( i.e the structure reflecting the sound wave). The pulsed wave Doppler can analyze sound waves reflected from a specific location…

…1): Specific clusters of atrial myocardium : There are clusters of atrial myocardium that possess automaticity and thus pacemaker function. The intrinsic rate of depolarization in…

…of the ST segment depression. The horizontal ST segment depression is more specific than the downsloping depression. Refer to Figure 1 . Figure 1. Characteristics of…

…product of area (a) of the cylinder and the velocity (v) of the fluid (i.e blood). The volume (V) that passes a specific segment…

…Evaluation of antiarrhythmic treatment or pacemaker function. Suspected bradyarrhythmia or pauses, particularly at night. Symptom–rhythm correlation in non specific complaints. The choice of recording…

…a risk of pancreatitis Cardiac markers and coagulation Test Reference Comment : : : High sensitivity troponin T < 14 ng/L The decision thresholds are assay specific …

…The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores, loss of function, longer length of stay, institutional care, readmission, cognitive decline and increased mortality [3…

…in the same order every time, reduces the risk of missing abnormalities. The eight steps below go through the rhythm and then the waveforms one…

…the difference in R wave amplitude, note the slurred terminal portion of the R wave in the high risk morphology, which replaces the sharp negative…

…chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) describe stable period clinical presentations arising from structural or functional abnormalities of the coronary arteries or coronary microcirculation…