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Inclisiran and Emerging Lipid-Lowering Agents

…approximately 50% and apolipoprotein B by approximately 20–40%. Effects on triglycerides and lipoprotein(a) are variable or modest. In phase III studies involving patients…

Non-ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina

…of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix…

Acute Aortic Syndromes: Intramural Haematoma and Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer

…to rupture of the vasa vasorum, although improved imaging demonstrates small intimal disruptions in approximately 20%–60% of cases. These disruptions may initiate or complicate…

The QRS complex: ECG features of the Q-wave, R-wave, S-wave & duration

…These calculations are approximated simply by eyeballing. Panel B in Figure 6 shows a net negative QRS complex, because the negative areas are greater than…

Endotracheal intubation

…of 3 or more indicates a difficult intubation — call for help and get out the videolaryngoscope and plan B before you give the induction agent…

Left bundle branch block (LBBB): ECG criteria, causes, management

…contractile cells. Figure 3 illustrates the components of the conduction system and its temporal relationship to the ECG waveforms. The cardiac cycle begins in the…

Cardiac electrophysiology: Action potential, automaticity and vectors

…junctions within the Purkinje network is very high, which explains the rapid impulse transmission in the network. Cells of the atrioventricular node, on the contrary…

Metabolic Syndrome: Definition and Clinical Significance

…increased small, dense LDL particles. Increased apoB containing particles and remnants may provide a more accurate assessment of atherogenic burden than LDL cholesterol alone in…

Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Cellular changes, ECG and symptoms

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

…Indications Unexplained cytopenia in one or more cell lines. Suspected acute leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm. Work up and staging of lymphoma and myeloma…

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