…and perirectal Often larger than it appears; risk of fistula Surgeon, often operative management Breast Cosmesis, milk ducts, malignancy differential Surgeon or mammography Sole of…

…fewer than 5% of otherwise normal angiograms demonstrate bridging. The wide range reflects differences in ascertainment and imaging technique. Coronary fistulae represent abnormal communications between…

…Figure 1. Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Treatment of sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia is a normal finding among young and healthy individuals. It is generally…

…severity and situational dependence of sinus bradycardia. If sinus bradycardia is likely due to drug side effects, it is necessary to weigh the risk of…

…node and the atrium). All these conditions have been discussed in detail in the previous articles. Hence, sinus node dysfunction may manifest with any of…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Sinus rhythm: the normal rhythm of the heart A rhythm is defined as three consecutive heartbeats with identical waveforms on the…

…are as follows: Normal (physiologic) sinus tachycardia: The automaticity (rate of spontaneous depolarization) in the sinoatrial node is increased during physical activity, stress, and nervousness…

…Adam Stokes attack . Causes of sinoatrial arrest/pause High vagal tone is benign and the most common cause of sinus arrest/pause. It commonly affects…

[calc_aorta] Sinus of Valsalva (SOV) and Aortic Root Assessment The sinus of Valsalva diameter (SOVd) is a critical measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology…

CPR ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . Spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . A single ventricular beat, followed…