…the corticosteroid immediately. Do not wait for laboratory results. Take a serum cortisol and ACTH first only if this does not delay treatment. Plus fluid…

…mmol sodium bicarbonate per mL) for bolus and infusion, and glucose 50 mg/mL as carrier solution according to local protocol. Potassium chloride for infusion…

…tool for estimating the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which assesses kidney function. Developed from the MDRD study, this equation incorporates variables such as serum creatinine…

…infarction. IIa B Routine blood sampling for serum markers is indicated as soon as possible in the acute phase but should not delay reperfusion treatment…

…pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months and have health implications…

…heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its…

…preferred. An increase of 1 2 mEq/L per hour for a total of 4 6 mEq/L in 24 hours may be targeted. Chronic…

…circulatory collapse. Initiate an intravenous bolus of 500 ml crystalloid solution . Assess the esponse and repeat administration as clinically indicated. Measure serum lactate levels . Elevated…

…G, connected to tubing and a collection container. Sample tubes: an EDTA tube for the cell count, a serum tube for albumin, protein and LDH…

…a saline flush. A tube for serum or plasma cortisol according to local instructions, and a chilled EDTA tube for plasma ACTH , which must be…

…third trimester of pregnancy. Dosage Acute myocardial infarction: Initial loading dose: 300–500 mg as soon as possible after symptom onset. Prophylaxis against cardiovascular complications…

…CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II…

…L (0.5 µg/mL) for each 100 mg/day at doses between 100 and 600 mg/day. Therapeutic serum concentrations range from 0.5…

…temporal association is present; contrast induced AKI should be reserved for the smaller subgroup in which iodinated contrast is considered causally responsible. This distinction is…

…increased apoB and apoC III, uric acid, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, serum viscosity, asymmetric dimethylarginine, homocysteine, white blood cell count, proinflammatory cytokines and C…