…vitamin and calcium overdose. ECG changes due to hypercalcemia Common ECG changes Shortened QT interval. Lengthened QRS duration. Bradycardia may occur. Rare ECG changes Increased…

…per hour for a total of 4 6 mEq/L in 24 hours may be targeted. Chronic Hyponatremia ( 48 hours duration): Due to cellular adaptations…

…is characterised by myocyte necrosis and troponin elevation due to mechanisms other than myocardial ischaemia. Acute myocardial injury may arise from conditions such as sepsis…

…Oliguria may be due to hypovolaemia, shock, obstruction or advanced renal injury. Conversely, significant AKI may be non oliguric, particularly after nephrotoxins, sepsis or diuretic…

…shock or in certain or highly likely sepsis 0 to 60 min Noradrenaline if the MAP remains below 65 mmHg or the hypotension is marked…

…condition characterized by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and hypoperfusion manifesting as hypotension. The high mortality associated with sepsis underscores the…

…circulatory failure, sepsis, stroke, intracranial haemorrhage, seizure, poisoning and severe withdrawal. 4. Establish whether the condition is new or clearly worse than baseline. Contact relatives…

…against the diagnostic benefit — where sepsis is suspected, the diagnosis always weighs more heavily). A joint prosthesis: the aspiration must be performed by an orthopaedic…

…intravenous antipseudomonal beta lactam as soon as possible, aiming for within 60 minutes 8 Give oxygen, fluid and a vasopressor according to the sepsis pathway…

…fire hazard. Preparation and equipment A pulse oximeter, and the ability to take an arterial blood gas. An oxygen source with a flow meter, and…

…sufficient blood flow to vital organs such as the brain and kidneys. Maintaining MAP within an optimal range is crucial in managing conditions like sepsis…

…separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release that does not fulfil the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It may be acute, when serial…

…Natriuretic peptide concentrations reflect haemodynamic stress, but their release is not specific to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Levels may also rise with: Left ventricular diastolic…

…usually related to plaque rupture or erosion Type 2 MI caused by oxygen supply–demand imbalance unrelated to acute atherothrombosis Type 3 Cardiac death with…

…ER) are transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU), coronary care unit (CCU), or catheterization laboratory. A 12 lead ECG must be obtained immediately after…

…A short course (no more than 7 days) may be given to selected patients with an eGFR of 30 40 mL/min for lower urinary…

…no absolute contraindications. With active cooling to hypothermia , caution applies in: Ongoing uncontrolled bleeding or marked coagulopathy. Severe sepsis and septic shock. Already marked hypothermia…