…arise from various causes, including acute pancreatitis, alkalosis due to hyperventilation, rhabdomyolysis (particularly the initial phase), sepsis, malignancies with osteoblastic metastases, diminished calcium absorption and…

…is characterised by myocyte necrosis and troponin elevation due to mechanisms other than myocardial ischaemia. Acute myocardial injury may arise from conditions such as sepsis…

…Oliguria may be due to hypovolaemia, shock, obstruction or advanced renal injury. Conversely, significant AKI may be non oliguric, particularly after nephrotoxins, sepsis or diuretic…

…lithium, thiazide diuretics, D vitamin and calcium overdose. ECG changes due to hypercalcemia Common ECG changes Shortened QT interval. Lengthened QRS duration. Bradycardia may occur…

…risk of resistant organisms 0 to 60 min Empirical intravenous antibiotics in septic shock or in certain or highly likely sepsis 0 to 60 min…

…a dose of 30 ml/kg. Should fluid resuscitation fail to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) above 65 mmHg, consider the initiation of vasopressor…

…simple instruction Altered awareness The patient is drowsy, difficult to rouse, hypervigilant, or has reduced orientation to the surroundings Other cognitive disturbance Disorientation, memory impairment…

…or an anticoagulant at a therapeutic dose (relative; weigh the risk against the diagnostic benefit — where sepsis is suspected, the diagnosis always weighs more heavily)…

…minutes 8 Give oxygen, fluid and a vasopressor according to the sepsis pathway when needed 9 Contact the haematologist or oncologist. Contact an infectious diseases…

…resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines are decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis…