Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Secondary hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiological basis Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction (MI) encompasses long term interventions intended to reduce recurrent infarction…

…Unstable coronary artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Stroke Contraindications Cross reactivity…

…and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction…

…secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral artery disease. Secondary…

…significant reorganization of the activation and recovery patterns within the left ventricle, resulting in a widened QRS complex and secondary ST T wave abnormalities [7]…

…reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary prevention. Statins inhibit hepatic 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A…

…potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone acts principally through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)…

…It identifies patients whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite intensive antihypertensive treatment and who therefore require assessment for pseudo resistance, secondary hypertension, treatment related contributors…

…which seeks to prevent the development of cardiovascular risk factors themselves, and from secondary prevention, which addresses patients with established disease to reduce recurrent events…

…predictors in prediction models. Targeting risk factors has been very successful in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population…

…patient with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), secondary adrenal insufficiency or long term corticosteroid treatment cannot increase their own cortisol production. Situation Action : : Fever…

…hyperkalaemia, postural symptoms. Suspected secondary adrenal insufficiency in pituitary disease, after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with suspected suppression of the HPA axis after long…

…cause, 4. prevent recurrence and secondary brain injury. The doses in the treatment ladder below follow the Swedish local sequence given in the original article…

…rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output. Its primary clinical utility…

…the sample was fasting or non fasting. The presence of ASCVD, peripheral arterial disease or aortic disease. Secondary causes, particularly diabetes, thyroid disease, kidney disease…

…stenosis Distal bifurcation involvement Coexisting multivessel disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of…

…underlying coronary atherosclerotic process. Their clinical effects therefore occur within the broader framework of guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. PCI treats focal stenotic…

…arrhythmias and therefore QT duration must always be assessed. QT prolongation may be congenital (due to genetic mutations) or acquired (secondary to medications, electrolyte disorders)…

…cessation is therefore the preferred therapeutic endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of cessation extend across primary and secondary prevention. Observational evidence indicates that cessation lowers the…

…multiple QT prolonging medications, and drug accumulation secondary to renal or hepatic impairment or the inhibition of cytochrome P450 metabolism [1]. Nonmodifiable risk factors encompass…

…the remaining ones are malignant. • Secondary cardiac tumours have spread to the heart by metastasis or invasion from surrounding tissue. Differential Diagnostics There are several…

…However, the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop heart failure early in…

…of left bundle branch block. This is because left bundle branch block causes substantial changes in left ventricular depolarization and repolarization, which result in secondary…

…receptors) and parasympathetic withdrawal. Sinus tachycardia secondary to disease and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive…

…on the other hand, the ST segment depressions are secondary findings and the primary findings are the ST segment elevations. As explained in the previous…

…abnormal 24 hour rhythm should prompt investigation for sleep apnoea, renal disease and secondary hypertension, and lead to one dose being moved to the evening…

…ABI or follow up 0.41–0.90 Peripheral arterial disease, mild to moderate Secondary prevention, walking exercise ≤ 0.40 Severe ischaemia Urgent vascular surgical…

…to their indication. Do not routinely stop aspirin given as secondary prevention 8 Contact the endoscopist and the consultant on call early. In cirrhosis or…

…and can last for years. ACE Inhibitor Induced Angioedema Angioedema secondary to ACE inhibitor therapy occurs in approximately 1% of patients. It manifests as localized…

…Patients with suggestive symptoms, signs or a medical history indicating possible secondary hypertension should undergo appropriate screening for an underlying secondary cause. Evaluation and physical…

…output is inadequate, hypotension is present, or secondary arrhythmias result from the slow rate. In the setting of bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest, management priorities shift…

…who were unable or unwilling to take statins. Approximately 70% were in secondary prevention and 30% in primary prevention; 23% were taking a small dose…

…rather than a replacement for, established secondary prevention treatment. Its potential role is greatest when cardiovascular risk remains high despite optimal or maximally tolerated guideline…

…sugars and meats. In secondary prevention, randomized trials in people with established coronary disease found fewer cardiovascular events with Mediterranean dietary interventions than with low…

…of tendon xanthomas, corneal arcus and xanthelasma. Potential secondary causes of hypercholesterolaemia. The likelihood of a monogenic disorder and the need for family based screening

…worse outcomes. Pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease may occur because elevated left sided filling pressures are transmitted to the pulmonary circulation. Persistent pulmonary…

…or when LDL C is markedly elevated. Non HDL C and apoB are secondary targets or risk refining measures, particularly in patients with: Diabetes or…

…rate parameters. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute heart failure necessitating inotropic or vasopressor support typically manifests in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, low cardiac…

…loss of independence. Identification of PAD also provides an opportunity to recognise atherosclerosis in other arterial territories and to initiate secondary prevention. Clinical assessment should…

…on the provided context, the primary etiologies for axis deviations include: Causes of Right Axis Deviation: Pulmonary hypertension (primary or secondary) [9, 16] Severe pulmonary…

…disorders (calcium, potassium), tachycardia, increased sympathetic tone, drug side effects etc. Secondary ST T changes occur when abnormal depolarization causes abnormal repolarization . This is se

…little calculation. Sensitivity and specificity vary markedly, as discussed in detail in the articles on left ventricular enlargement, right ventricular enlargement and atrial enlargement. Below…

…at the top. Refer to Figure 1 . Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy may instead display normalization of secondary T wave inversions (lead V5, V6, aVL…

…indicate that the vector of the left ventricle is amplified. Secondary ST T changes in left sided leads Left ventricular hypertrophy is often accompanied by…

…clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal symptoms and signs of heart failure (HF) in the presence of a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥50%…

…atrioventricular (AV) node, Bundle of His, bundle branches (left and right bundle branch), and Purkinje fibers. The conduction system allows for rapid spread of the…

…renal replacement therapy. The study found no significant differences between the two treatment groups with respect to either the primary or secondary outcomes. Primary outcome…

…with ST segment depression and T wave inversion). ECG in Figure 2 exemplifies how delta waves are associated with secondary ST T changes. Figure 2…

…depolarization will consequently lead to abnormal repolarization. This explains the secondary ST T changes seen on premature ventricular complexes; the ST T vector will be…

…RBBB). In the presence of right bundle branch block, depolarization of the right ventricle relies on electrical impulses originating from the left ventricle. However, these…

…right bundle branch block (RBBB). Secondary ST T changes are common in V1–V3. The ST T segment is usually discordant to the QRS complex…

…to 40 beats per minute and the rhythm is regular. There is always secondary ST T changes, meaning that the ST T segment is discordant …

…a critical marker of arrhythmogenic risk, particularly in the setting of ischemic heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Sustained VT: Defined as…

…pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics…