Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Secondary hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every…

…It identifies patients whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite intensive antihypertensive treatment and who therefore require assessment for pseudo resistance, secondary hypertension, treatment related contributors…

…Patients with suggestive symptoms, signs or a medical history indicating possible secondary hypertension should undergo appropriate screening for an underlying secondary cause. Evaluation and physical…

…and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction…

…potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone acts principally through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease…

…which seeks to prevent the development of cardiovascular risk factors themselves, and from secondary prevention, which addresses patients with established disease to reduce recurrent events…

… 2. Is there cirrhosis, or another strong suspicion of portal hypertension? Variceal and ulcer bleeding are managed differently from the first minute. Peptic ulcer remains…

…abnormal 24 hour rhythm should prompt investigation for sleep apnoea, renal disease and secondary hypertension, and lead to one dose being moved to the evening…

…cause, 4. prevent recurrence and secondary brain injury. The doses in the treatment ladder below follow the Swedish local sequence given in the original article…

…These combined effects may improve inflammation, insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, endothelial biology and platelet related pathways. The source material also describes possible…

…The most common causes of left ventricular hypertrophy are aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, hypertension, cardiomyopathy and coarctation of the aorta. There are several ECG indexes…

…worse outcomes. Pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease may occur because elevated left sided filling pressures are transmitted to the pulmonary circulation. Persistent pulmonary…

…these patients exhibit hypotension—often with a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg—accompanied by signs of poor vital organ perfusion or frank shock…

…on the provided context, the primary etiologies for axis deviations include: Causes of Right Axis Deviation: Pulmonary hypertension (primary or secondary) [9, 16] Severe pulmonary…

…The most common causes are hypertension (in which the pressure in the aorta is increased) and aortic stenosis (in which the narrowing of the opened…

…vascular stiffening, and distinct microvascular responses to systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type…

…patient with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), secondary adrenal insufficiency or long term corticosteroid treatment cannot increase their own cortisol production. Situation Action : : Fever…

…unnecessary unless the cardiac output is inadequate, hypotension is present, or secondary arrhythmias result from the slow rate. In the setting of bradyarrhythmic or asystolic…

…The drugs can also be given sequentially. Hypotension can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of norepinephrine. All patients with severe acute heart failure who receive…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiological basis Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction (MI) encompasses long term interventions intended to reduce recurrent infarction…

…Unstable coronary artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Stroke Contraindications Cross reactivity…

…secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral artery disease. Secondary…

…recovery patterns within the left ventricle, resulting in a widened QRS complex and secondary ST T wave abnormalities [7]. Diagnostic Criteria The diagnostic requirements for…

…reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary prevention. Statins inhibit hepatic 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A…

…predictors in prediction models. Targeting risk factors has been very successful in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population…

…hyperkalaemia, postural symptoms. Suspected secondary adrenal insufficiency in pituitary disease, after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with suspected suppression of the HPA axis after long…

…rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output. Its primary clinical utility…

…the sample was fasting or non fasting. The presence of ASCVD, peripheral arterial disease or aortic disease. Secondary causes, particularly diabetes, thyroid disease, kidney disease…

…not reverse coronary atherosclerosis. Long term benefit therefore depends on the integration of revascularisation with guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. Clinical Presentation and…

…underlying coronary atherosclerotic process. Their clinical effects therefore occur within the broader framework of guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. PCI treats focal stenotic…

…arrhythmias and therefore QT duration must always be assessed. QT prolongation may be congenital (due to genetic mutations) or acquired (secondary to medications, electrolyte disorders)…

…cessation is therefore the preferred therapeutic endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of cessation extend across primary and secondary prevention. Observational evidence indicates that cessation lowers the…

…multiple QT prolonging medications, and drug accumulation secondary to renal or hepatic impairment or the inhibition of cytochrome P450 metabolism [1]. Nonmodifiable risk factors encompass…

…the remaining ones are malignant. • Secondary cardiac tumours have spread to the heart by metastasis or invasion from surrounding tissue. Differential Diagnostics There are several…

…cardiomyopathy Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy Non compaction cardiomyopathy Peripartum cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy secondary to valvular heart disease Long term prognosis varies markedly across these conditions…

…block causes substantial changes in left ventricular depolarization and repolarization, which result in secondary ST T changes. Such ST T changes may mimic (simulate) or…

…receptors) and parasympathetic withdrawal. Sinus tachycardia secondary to disease and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive…

…on the other hand, the ST segment depressions are secondary findings and the primary findings are the ST segment elevations. As explained in the previous…

…ABI or follow up 0.41–0.90 Peripheral arterial disease, mild to moderate Secondary prevention, walking exercise ≤ 0.40 Severe ischaemia Urgent vascular surgical…

…who were unable or unwilling to take statins. Approximately 70% were in secondary prevention and 30% in primary prevention; 23% were taking a small dose…

…rather than a replacement for, established secondary prevention treatment. Its potential role is greatest when cardiovascular risk remains high despite optimal or maximally tolerated guideline…

…of tendon xanthomas, corneal arcus and xanthelasma. Potential secondary causes of hypercholesterolaemia. The likelihood of a monogenic disorder and the need for family based screening

…or when LDL C is markedly elevated. Non HDL C and apoB are secondary targets or risk refining measures, particularly in patients with: Diabetes or…

…loss of independence. Identification of PAD also provides an opportunity to recognise atherosclerosis in other arterial territories and to initiate secondary prevention. Clinical assessment should…

…disorders (calcium, potassium), tachycardia, increased sympathetic tone, drug side effects etc. Secondary ST T changes occur when abnormal depolarization causes abnormal repolarization . This is se

…at the top. Refer to Figure 1 . Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy may instead display normalization of secondary T wave inversions (lead V5, V6, aVL…

…R wave in V5 and V6. Secondary ST T changes occur invariably in the presence of LBBB. The following ECG criteria and characteristics are used…

…with ST segment depression and T wave inversion). ECG in Figure 2 exemplifies how delta waves are associated with secondary ST T changes. Figure 2…

…depolarization will consequently lead to abnormal repolarization. This explains the secondary ST T changes seen on premature ventricular complexes; the ST T vector will be…

…ventricle in RBBB, repolarization is also abnormal, leading to secondary ST T changes, which appear on the ECG as discordant ST T segments. These ST…

…right bundle branch block (RBBB). Secondary ST T changes are common in V1–V3. The ST T segment is usually discordant to the QRS complex…

…to 40 beats per minute and the rhythm is regular. There is always secondary ST T changes, meaning that the ST T segment is discordant …

…to hemodynamic collapse [4] . Sustained VT is a medical emergency that universally warrants acute intervention and long term secondary prevention strategies. By Morphology: Monomorphic VT …

…pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics…