Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Secondary hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every…

…role Aspirin remains the traditional antiplatelet agent for long term secondary prevention in patients with established coronary disease, including those with or without previous MI…

…Unstable coronary artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Stroke Contraindications Cross reactivity…

…and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction…

…people without established ASCVD, its potential reduction in non fatal myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke must be weighed against clinically important gastrointestinal and intracranial bleeding…

…recovery patterns within the left ventricle, resulting in a widened QRS complex and secondary ST T wave abnormalities [7]. Diagnostic Criteria The diagnostic requirements for…

…reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary prevention. Statins inhibit hepatic 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A…

…potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone acts principally through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)…

…It identifies patients whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite intensive antihypertensive treatment and who therefore require assessment for pseudo resistance, secondary hypertension, treatment related contributors…

…individuals without established clinical CVD. It differs from primordial prevention, which seeks to prevent the development of cardiovascular risk factors themselves, and from secondary prevention…

…predictors in prediction models. Targeting risk factors has been very successful in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population…

…patient with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), secondary adrenal insufficiency or long term corticosteroid treatment cannot increase their own cortisol production. Situation Action : : Fever…

…hyperkalaemia, postural symptoms. Suspected secondary adrenal insufficiency in pituitary disease, after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with suspected suppression of the HPA axis after long…

…seizure lasting at least 5 minutes, or repeated generalised tonic clonic seizures without the patient regaining consciousness between them. Five minutes is the practical threshold…

…digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low…

…the sample was fasting or non fasting. The presence of ASCVD, peripheral arterial disease or aortic disease. Secondary causes, particularly diabetes, thyroid disease, kidney disease…

…not reverse coronary atherosclerosis. Long term benefit therefore depends on the integration of revascularisation with guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. Clinical Presentation and…

…underlying coronary atherosclerotic process. Their clinical effects therefore occur within the broader framework of guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. PCI treats focal stenotic…

…arrhythmias and therefore QT duration must always be assessed. QT prolongation may be congenital (due to genetic mutations) or acquired (secondary to medications, electrolyte disorders)…

…cessation is therefore the preferred therapeutic endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of cessation extend across primary and secondary prevention. Observational evidence indicates that cessation lowers the…

…multiple QT prolonging medications, and drug accumulation secondary to renal or hepatic impairment or the inhibition of cytochrome P450 metabolism [1]. Nonmodifiable risk factors encompass…

…the remaining ones are malignant. • Secondary cardiac tumours have spread to the heart by metastasis or invasion from surrounding tissue. Differential Diagnostics There are several…

…cardiomyopathy Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy Non compaction cardiomyopathy Peripartum cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy secondary to valvular heart disease Long term prognosis varies markedly across these conditions…

…block causes substantial changes in left ventricular depolarization and repolarization, which result in secondary ST T changes. Such ST T changes may mimic (simulate) or…

…receptors) and parasympathetic withdrawal. Sinus tachycardia secondary to disease and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive…

…on the other hand, the ST segment depressions are secondary findings and the primary findings are the ST segment elevations. As explained in the previous…

…hypertension — recommended before treatment is started . Suspected white coat hypertension: raised office blood pressure without organ damage. Suspected masked hypertension: normal office blood pressure but…

…ABI or follow up 0.41–0.90 Peripheral arterial disease, mild to moderate Secondary prevention, walking exercise ≤ 0.40 Severe ischaemia Urgent vascular surgical…

…Do not routinely stop aspirin given as secondary prevention 8 Contact the endoscopist and the consultant on call early. In cirrhosis or suspected variceal bleeding…

…and can last for years. ACE Inhibitor Induced Angioedema Angioedema secondary to ACE inhibitor therapy occurs in approximately 1% of patients. It manifests as localized…

…Patients with suggestive symptoms, signs or a medical history indicating possible secondary hypertension should undergo appropriate screening for an underlying secondary cause. Evaluation and physical…

…output is inadequate, hypotension is present, or secondary arrhythmias result from the slow rate. In the setting of bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest, management priorities shift…

…who were unable or unwilling to take statins. Approximately 70% were in secondary prevention and 30% in primary prevention; 23% were taking a small dose…

…lowering and other guideline directed therapies. Anti inflammatory treatment seeks to reduce this residual risk without necessarily altering lipid concentrations, blood pressure or other conventional…

…which diet affects cardiovascular health; dietary changes can improve cardiometabolic risk factors within 6–8 weeks even without weight loss. Cardiovascular Outcomes Associated With Dietary…

…of tendon xanthomas, corneal arcus and xanthelasma. Potential secondary causes of hypercholesterolaemia. The likelihood of a monogenic disorder and the need for family based screening

…worse outcomes. Pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease may occur because elevated left sided filling pressures are transmitted to the pulmonary circulation. Persistent pulmonary…

…or when LDL C is markedly elevated. Non HDL C and apoB are secondary targets or risk refining measures, particularly in patients with: Diabetes or…

…cardiogenic shock can present de novo in pregnant women without pre existing heart disease, such as in peripartum cardiomyopathy, or secondary to known cardiac conditions…

…Fewer than half of patients with PAD have typical symptoms. Many have impaired walking or a slow gait without describing classic claudication. In older adults…

…on the provided context, the primary etiologies for axis deviations include: Causes of Right Axis Deviation: Pulmonary hypertension (primary or secondary) [9, 16] Severe pulmonary…

…disorders (calcium, potassium), tachycardia, increased sympathetic tone, drug side effects etc. Secondary ST T changes occur when abnormal depolarization causes abnormal repolarization . This is se

…expansion of contractile cells as compared with conduction cells. Therefore it is very common to observe secondary ST T changes, characterized by ST segment elevation

…at the top. Refer to Figure 1 . Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy may instead display normalization of secondary T wave inversions (lead V5, V6, aVL…

…left ventricle is amplified. Secondary ST T changes in left sided leads Left ventricular hypertrophy is often accompanied by J point depression, downsloping ST segment…

…frequently associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction, though epicardial coronary artery disease frequently coexists as a bystander or secondary contributor [8] . Pathophysiology and mechanisms The pathophysiological…

…R wave in V5 and V6. Secondary ST T changes occur invariably in the presence of LBBB. The following ECG criteria and characteristics are used…

…increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of levosimendan is not affected by the concurrent use…

…that the atrioventricular node does, and this means that any impulse reaching the accessory pathways may travel directly to the ventricles without any delay. Hence…

…depolarization will consequently lead to abnormal repolarization. This explains the secondary ST T changes seen on premature ventricular complexes; the ST T vector will be…

…ventricle in RBBB, repolarization is also abnormal, leading to secondary ST T changes, which appear on the ECG as discordant ST T segments. These ST…

…right bundle branch block (RBBB). Secondary ST T changes are common in V1–V3. The ST T segment is usually discordant to the QRS complex…

…to 40 beats per minute and the rhythm is regular. There is always secondary ST T changes, meaning that the ST T segment is discordant …

…to hemodynamic collapse [4] . Sustained VT is a medical emergency that universally warrants acute intervention and long term secondary prevention strategies. By Morphology: Monomorphic VT …

…pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics…