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Left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) & right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) on ECG

…a reflection of right atrial activation and the second half is a reflection of left atrial activation. This is shown in Figure 1 (upper panel)…

Clinical application of ECG in chest pain & acute myocardial infarction

…palpitations, back pain and selected cases of upper abdominal pain. An ECG recording costs approximately $10 (10€) and may reduce morbidity and mortality substantially in…

Endotracheal intubation

…any decision to limit treatment when time allows. There is complete upper airway obstruction where laryngoscopy will not succeed; plan for a surgical airway or…

Atrial Flutter: Mechanisms, ECG Recognition and Management

…atrium is activated passively. The upper boundary of this circuit may be located either anterior or posterior to the superior vena cava. A critical area…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…heaviness, burning, or discomfort in the chest and may extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis…

Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview

…arms, neck, jaw, upper back, and abdomen, as well as dyspnea and nausea (anginal equivalents) [7]. Clinicians must consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies…

Blood transfusion and massive haemorrhage

… a higher threshold may be considered individually in ongoing ischaemia Upper gastrointestinal bleeding that has been stabilised 70 g/L — a more liberal strategy gives…

Introduction to pediatric & neonatal ECG interpretation

…the right atrium. Meanwhile, deoxygenated blood in the superior vena cava (which returns blood from the head and upper limbs) also enters the right atrium…

P-wave, PR interval, PR segment: physiology, criteria & ECG findings

…a reflection of right atrial depolarization and the second half is a reflection of left atrial depolarization. This is shown in Figure 3 (upper panel)…

Introduction to pediatric & neonatal ECG interpretation

…the right atrium. Meanwhile, deoxygenated blood in the superior vena cava (which returns blood from the head and upper limbs) also enters the right atrium…

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