…afterload. In the case of left ventricular failure, the pressure in the pulmonary vessels rises and the pressure rise propagates to the right ventricle. Pulmonary…

…2, top right). The rapid blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle results in a positive wave called the E wave . As…

…and a difficult to palpate apex beat [10]. Despite congestive heart failure, a third or fourth heart sound is rarely heard due to restrictive pathophysiology…

…Rheumatic heart disease. Dilatation of the right ventricle. Dilatation of the right atrium. Pulmonary hypertension. Left to right shunt. Right ventricular dysfunction due to pressure…

…rest due to high vagal tone. These individuals have developed a highly efficient left ventricle, capable of generating sufficient cardiac output at low heart rates…

…ischemic heart disease), heart failure, cardiomyopathy or valvular heart disease. In these populations, one of the strongest predictors of sudden cardiac death is left ventricular…

…ongoing chest pain refractory to medical treatment life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction. acute heart failure recurrent dynamic ST…

…vary from one beat to another (in the same lead). This is due to the swinging back and forth of the heart in the pericardial…

…left heart disease may occur because elevated left sided filling pressures are transmitted to the pulmonary circulation. Persistent pulmonary vascular disease can lead to right…

…However, diuretic treatment has not been shown formally to reduce heart failure mortality; its established role is symptom relief and prevention of recurrent congestion and…

…should lead to a suspicion of ARVC. The gradual loss of myocardium leads to ventricular dilation and right heart failure. Biventricular heart failure is less…

…rate parameters. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute heart failure necessitating inotropic or vasopressor support typically manifests in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, low cardiac…

…pathological changes are not explained by coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular disease or congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and heart failure…

…and infarction Left bundle branch block (LBBB) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI): clinical implications & Sgarbossa criteria Contrary to right bundle branch block, left bundle branch…

…central to determining the intensity of monitoring, supportive treatment, anticoagulation, and possible reperfusion. The principal pathophysiological determinant of early adverse outcome is acute RV failure…

…impairment of right and left sided filling, reduced stroke volume, diminished cardiac output, falling arterial pressure, and, if untreated, death. The volume required to produce…

…artery dilation Pulmonary regurgitation results in right ventricular volume overload, which gradually causes right ventricular failure. The ventricle and RVOT (right ventricular outflow tract) become…

…it is important to detect the disease early in the course. Hemodynamic effects of constrictive pericarditis Diastolic heart failure and right heart failure The rigid…

…predominantly by atrial tissue; its midregional pro ANP assay may provide information comparable to BNP and NT proBNP in heart failure (HF). The biologically active…

…or cardiac arrest with suspected pulmonary embolism. Urgent bedside echocardiography, looking for right ventricular strain. If CT pulmonary angiography can be performed immediately, do it…

…makes positioning impossible. Severe angina, heart failure or recent myocardial infarction. Red flags — investigate further instead Finding Suggests : : Nystagmus that is purely vertical, downbeating or…

…infarction (STEMI). The principal lesions are: Ventricular septal rupture (VSR), producing an acute left to right shunt. Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac…

…decades. Potential explanations for this trend include an ageing population, increased incidence and prevalence of cancer, heart failure, obesity, type 2 diabetes and physical inactivity…

…of most echocardiographic examinations. For example, left ventricular size, measured as its inner diameter, is strongly related to heart failure, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and overall mortality…

…ultimately right heart failure. Echocardiography in mitral stenosis Echocardiographic assessment of mitral stenosis includes visual and 2D imaging, as well as Doppler measurements to assess…

…septum, or mitral valve apparatus. These lesions can cause acute severe regurgitation, a left to right shunt, tamponade, or sudden loss of effective cardiac output…

…artery perfusion. These changes gradually lead to insufficient coronary perfusion (i.e myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris), ventricular dysfunction (heart failure) and arrhythmias. The annual…

…In patients with pericarditis complicated by constriction, symptoms and signs of right sided heart failure may predominate. Pericardial effusions associated with post infarction pericarditis are…

…right ventricles, which is why the QRS complex is dominated completely by left ventricular vectors. Hence, right ventricular hypertrophy must be pronounced in order to…

…contraction. The direction of the depolarization (and thus the electrical axis) is generally alongside the heart's longitudinal axis (to the left and downwards). Figure…

…s, provided that other causes of left axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of extreme axis deviation Rare. Most likely due to misplaced limb electrodes…

…right ventricular outflow tract). Carcinoid heart disease : Carcinoid syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome that occurs due to carcinomas secreting kallikrein and serotonin. In the heart…

…infarction (STEMI) The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the basal portion of the left lateral wall posteriorly in…

…in the right precordial leads—and a propensity for life threatening polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) in patients with structurally normal hearts …

…rare. They can occur anywhere in the heart or surrounding tissue. Tumors can be localized in the myocardium, pericardium, perivalvular (adjacent to the valves), etc…

…appearance. Some patients develop nonspecific intraventricular conduction defects without any change in their QRS appearance. Such conduction delays may be due to myocardial fibrosis, amyloidosis…

…the inferior wall of the left ventricle. When the RCA gives off PDA, the anatomy is referred to as a right dominant system (if the…

…or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long term durability (Filsoufi et al). Percutaneous interventions…

…to 30 degrees [11]. Additionally, LAD may suggest underlying left heart disease in patients being evaluated for pulmonary hypertension [16]. Causes of Left and Right…

…few exceptions. Prior to the Doppler era, hemodynamic assessments were performed by means of right heart catheterization (with Swan Ganz catheter [ pulmonary artery catheter ]). However…

…sinus bradycardia (<30 beats/min or sinus pauses ≥3s) C: Increased QRS voltage (isolated QRS voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy or right ventricular hypert

…This is due to the fact that atrial flutter is caused by a macro re entry circuit (a large re entry circuit) and re entry…

…liver, lung or vessel lies in the path of the needle. Access Puncture site Direction Comment : : : : Subxiphoid 1–2 cm below and to the left

…that mimics angina pectoris [5]. This pain is thought to result from right ventricular ischemia that develops during physical exertion [5]. Associated Findings: Exertional dyspnea…

…into the aorta. It is important to note that right ventricular load is greater than left ventricular load during the fetal period. This is explained…

…common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch block alternating from one beat to another) is…

…due to the tamponade. The increased pressure causes compression of the atria and the ventricles (particularly the former). Even small pressure elevations on the right…

…one in the right ventricle. If necessary, both leads can be used for pacing and sensing. Figure 2. Pacemaker lead. Lead fixation to the myocardium…

…the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular depolarization. QRS duration is the time interval from the onset to the…

…into the aorta. It is important to note that right ventricular load is greater than left ventricular load during the fetal period. This is explained…

…Basically, the index marker is used to determine left and right in the obtained image. Figure 1 illustrates how the index marker is used for…

…in the presence of a narrowing of the LVOT (left ventricular outflow tract). Such narrowings are due to septal hypertrophy or subaortic membrane (Figure 2)…

…suffer a sudden cardiac arrest have ventricular fibrillation prior to the cardiac arrest. Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the…

…heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Sustained VT: Defined as VT lasting longer than 30 seconds or requiring termination earlier due to…

…and the more significant the heart disease, the more likely ventricular tachycardia. The Brugada group has also developed an algorithm to differentiate antidromic AVRT from…

…squeezing, or a crushing sensation across the precordium and may radiate to the neck, shoulder, jaw, back, upper abdomen, and left or right arm. Onset…

…and one lead, which is located either in the right atrium or the right ventricle. Such systems are referred to as single chamber systems . Nowadays…

…de Winter's sign, widespread ST segment depressions) that point to the left anterior descending artery (LAD) as the culprit. The coronary arteries: a brief…

…The QRS complex is wide due to ventricular depolarization proceeding outside the conduction system. Figure 4. Pacing in the right atrium and the right ventricle…

…the left ventricle is more significant, as compared with a defect affecting the right ventricle. This is due to the fact that the left ventricle…