…than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by: Symptoms and/or signs of HF. A left ventricular ejection…

…between cardiac and renal dysfunction is particularly important. Cardiorenal syndrome may develop during acute decompensated heart failure, but worsening renal function does not necessarily indicate…

…It is localized immediately behind the sternum and thus is the most anteriorly located part of the heart. The right ventricle has a complicated anatomy…

…suspicion of ARVC. The gradual loss of myocardium leads to ventricular dilation and right heart failure. Biventricular heart failure is less common. ECG in ARVC…

…progression of right heart failure may indicate the need for inodilator therapy. Furthermore, acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock can present de novo in pregnant…

…ventricular myocardium (failure of embryological delamination). The tricuspid valve annulus is displaced apically 0.8 mm/m 2 BSA. Basal segments of the right ventricle …

…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

…cardiomyopathy (Dilated Cardiomyopathy, DCM) . Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy / Dysplasia (ARVC/ARVD) Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM ) Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome, apical ballooning syndrome). Non compaction cardiomyopathy

…by ischemia/infarction : There are numerous causes of LBBB, such as heart failure, structural heart disease, fibrosis of the conduction system and acute myocardial infarction …

…pressure and evidence of hypotension Heart rate and tachycardia Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical…

…medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling…

…artery dilation Pulmonary regurgitation results in right ventricular volume overload, which gradually causes right ventricular failure. The ventricle and RVOT (right ventricular outflow tract) become…

…Constrictive pericarditis also leads to right sided heart failure, which is explained by the fact that high pressure in the right atrium leads to a…

…predominantly by atrial tissue; its midregional pro ANP assay may provide information comparable to BNP and NT proBNP in heart failure (HF). The biologically active…

…Commonly, patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for drugs that aggravate or cause bradycardia (e.g. beta blockers in heart failure). In such scenarios…

…heart disease (acute coronary syndromes or ischemic heart disease), heart failure , cardiomyopathy (dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy), valvular disease . Less common causes are arrhythmogenic right…

…or cardiac arrest with suspected pulmonary embolism. Urgent bedside echocardiography, looking for right ventricular strain. If CT pulmonary angiography can be performed immediately, do it…

…makes positioning impossible. Severe angina, heart failure or recent myocardial infarction. Red flags — investigate further instead Finding Suggests : : Nystagmus that is purely vertical, downbeating or…

…Sudden severe dyspnoea. Acute pulmonary oedema. Hypotension. Progressive heart failure. Cardiogenic shock. Complete transection of a papillary muscle may cause immediately overwhelming MR. Partial rupture…

…Diastolic heart failure is presumably at least as common as systolic heart failure ( heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFREF ). Diastolic heart failure is particularly…

…decades. Potential explanations for this trend include an ageing population, increased incidence and prevalence of cancer, heart failure, obesity, type 2 diabetes and physical inactivity…

…For example, left ventricular size, measured as its inner diameter, is strongly related to heart failure, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and overall mortality. Ventricular dimensions are measured…

…Additionally, pulmonary hypertension can propagate further backward to the right ventricle and right atrium, leading to right heart hypertrophy, dilation and ultimately right heart failure…

…cardiac arrest mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction. acute heart failure recurrent dynamic ST segment or T wave changes, particularly with intermittent ST segment elevation…

…and pre existing diabetes, previous myocardial infarction, or heart failure. Mechanical disruption must be considered whenever abrupt circulatory collapse occurs after STEMI. Rupture may involve…

…coronary perfusion (i.e myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris), ventricular dysfunction (heart failure) and arrhythmias. The annual risk of sudden cardiac arrest is <1% and…

…The heart is surrounded by fluid (black) and swings back and forth in the fluid. One can also note that the right ventricular free wall…

…In patients with pericarditis complicated by constriction, symptoms and signs of right sided heart failure may predominate. Pericardial effusions associated with post infarction pericarditis are…

…right ventricle is difficult to visualize clearly with trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart…

…the normal heart axis is between –30° and 90°. If the axis is more positive than 90° it is referred to as right axis deviation…

…the normal heart axis is between –30° and 90°. If the axis is more positive than 90° it is referred to as right axis deviation…

…Normal right heart hemodynamics RVSP/PASP Echo < 36 mm Hg Mean PAP 8 – 20 mm Hg PAEDP 4 – 12 mm Hg RAP 0 – 5…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Posterior (posterolateral) acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the…

…in the right precordial leads—and a propensity for life threatening polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) in patients with structurally normal hearts …

Echocardiography Cardiac tumors Cardiac tumors are rare. They can occur anywhere in the heart or surrounding tissue. Tumors can be localized in the myocardium, pericardium…

…exists if the ECG displays a widened QRS appearance that is neither a left bundle branch block (LBBB) nor a right bundle branch block (RBBB)…

…of the aortic bulb. The LMCA is short and branches into the two arteries supplying the anterior and left side of the heart, as follows:…

Echocardiography Tricuspid valve stenosis Tricuspid stenosis is a rare condition that may be caused by rheumatic valvular disease, congenital heart disease, Whipple’s disease, or…

…LAD may suggest underlying left heart disease in patients being evaluated for pulmonary hypertension [16]. Causes of Left and Right Axis Deviation Based on the…

…exceptions. Prior to the Doppler era, hemodynamic assessments were performed by means of right heart catheterization (with Swan Ganz catheter [ pulmonary artery catheter ]). However, hemodynamic…

…B: Prolonged QT interval (QTc ≥ 480 ms for females) C: Incomplete Right Bundle Branch Block (rSR' pattern in lead V1 and qRS pattern in V6…

…of cases, the re entry circuit in atrial flutter is located in the right atrium and it typically loops around the tricuspid valve. Impulses spread…

…is a clinical diagnosis supported by echocardiography: Finding Comment : : Hypotension, distended neck veins, muffled heart sounds Beck's triad; complete in a minority Tachycardia, tachypnoea…

…chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness…

…changes occur during the first year of life. The electrocardiogram (ECG) evolves in parallel with the changing anatomy and physiology of the heart. ECG amplitudes…

…block morphology is more common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch block alternating from one…

…can cause tamponade. Post operative Complications : Post surgical complications following thoracic procedures can cause tamponade. Tamponade with swinging heart of the pericardium. Source. Rapid diagnosis…

…is delivered to the myocardium via the leads, which are guided to the right atrial and ventricular myocardium via a vein (Figure 1). Figure 1…

…throughout this course. At the heart of ECG interpretation lies the ability to determine whether the ECG waves and intervals are normal. This chapter will…

…changes occur during the first year of life. The electrocardiogram (ECG) evolves in parallel with the changing anatomy and physiology of the heart. ECG amplitudes…

…Basically, the index marker is used to determine left and right in the obtained image. Figure 1 illustrates how the index marker is used for…

…gradients using Doppler measurements Continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler can measure the velocity of erythrocytes as they travel through the heart and vessels…

…of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause. Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or dilated), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy…

…cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates…

…4 in Brugada's algorithm) If the QRS complex in V1–V2 resembles a right bundle branch block (i.e positive QRS) V1 : Monophasic R…

…chest pain the primary task is to exclude or verify the following potentially life threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic heart disease : stable angina pectoris…

…of a pulse generator and one lead, which is located either in the right atrium or the right ventricle. Such systems are referred to as…

…of the aortic bulb. The LMCA is short and branches into the two arteries supplying the anterior and left side of the heart, as follows:…

…as in LBBB, the left ventricle receives the depolarizing impulse from the right ventricle (where the pacemaker delivers the pulses). The depolarizing wave spreads outside…

…defect in the left ventricle is more significant, as compared with a defect affecting the right ventricle. This is due to the fact that the…