…decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in engineering, software development, and progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac disease. Ultrasound…

…LVEF ≥50%. The ejection fraction classification is clinically useful but should not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across…

…also consistent with the vector theory; elevation in one lead should be recorded as depression in a lead with an opposite angle of observation. However…

…coronary ostia, and acquiring multiple angiographic projections. Although traditionally regarded as an anatomical examination, contemporary ICA can provide complementary functional and structural information. Coronary pressure…

…As illustrated in Figure 1, the orifice of the aortic valve and the ascending aorta can be regarded as a cylinder, and the same assumption…

…Instead, the infarct related electrical changes may be recorded indirectly as reciprocal abnormalities in the anterior precordial leads. Acute myocardial ischaemia alters the resting membrane…

…elevated liver enzymes or transaminases, and thrombocytopenia—is generally regarded as a severe preeclamptic phenotype or variant. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of preeclampsia remains incompletely…

…pressure. The source material does not provide an exhaustive list of such agents. Resistant hypertension Resistant hypertension is not regarded as a discrete disease; rather…

…of patients with SCAD. SCAD should therefore prompt consideration of systemic arteriopathy rather than being regarded solely as an isolated coronary event. SCAD predominantly affects…

…limb lead II. Normal (physiological) causes of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia (SB) is considered a normal finding in the following circumstances: During sleep . Well trained…

…of pH and the metabolic component, but it should not be regarded as fully interchangeable with an arterial sample [3]. Venous pH is on average…

…and age related changes in left ventricular filling contribute to susceptibility. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is regarded as a multifactorial systemic illness involving

…for decades, and it has been regarded as a benign form of ST segment elevation with slurring or notching at the J point. A notch…

Echocardiography Color Doppler Velocities recorded in a sample volume of the pulsed wave Doppler can be presented with a color. A color scale from blue…

CPR Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Female Age : 72 years History : heart failure Medications : digoxin, quinidine ECG 1 . The initial beats are…

CPR Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Male Age : 43 years History : None Medications : None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular…

…to adults in sinus rhythm, recorded at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10 mm. At 50 mm/s a…

CPR A standard 12 lead ECG should be recorded in all patients after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The purpose of a 12 lead ECG…

…The lowest recorded body temperatures from which patients have been successfully resuscitated are 11.8°C for accidental hypothermia and 4.2°C for medically induced hypothermia…

…will heal badly however neatly the suture is placed. The commonest cause of wound infection is retained contamination, not poor suture technique — and the commonest…

…that are taken up by myocardial tissue. The distribution of retained tracer provides tomographic information about relative regional perfusion. Imaging is generally performed at rest…

…Figure 1 . 12 lead ECG (presented according to Cabrera), recorded at 63 years of age, demonstrates concave upward ST segment depression in leads I, II…

…inflammatory reactions that promote plaque formation and progression. As the burden of retained atherogenic particles accumulates over time, the probability of an acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular…

…The amplitude of the waveform recorded in any given lead correlates directly with the projection of the heart vector onto that specific lead vector [3…

…external defibrillator) has been connected, it should be interrogated (if possible) to determine whether it has recorded any shockable rhythms. In in hospital cardiac arrest…

…space to functional alveolar space. Phase III (Alveolar Plateau) : ETCO 2 is the recorded CO 2 partial pressure just before the next inspiration. Phase 0 :…

…from the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry, which has recorded causes of cardiac arrest with a separate category for cardiac etiologies. Cause Definition Medical cause Includes…

…to determine where, along the Doppler line, the velocities are recorded. The continuous wave Doppler yields a filled spectral curve (Figure 2), which is explained…

…pericardium, its surroundings, the myocardium and valves. ECG is recorded in all patients with suspected pericardial disease. In addition to echocardiography, ECG and clinical examination…

…block cannot be diagnosed using surface ECG (i.e. ECG recorded on the body surface). This is because the electrical potentials generated by the sinoatrial…

…during systole. It is also important to note that the velocity recorded in one region does not depend on the function in the region, but…

…Below are sequential ECG recordings during a sudden cardiac arrest in a 43 year old male. Each ECG presents two leads recorded simultaneously. ECG 1 …

…a patient with chest pain the primary task is to exclude or verify the following potentially life threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic heart disease :…

…ischemia. In summary, if an ECG recorded during chest pain does not display ischemia, then the chest pain is not caused by myocardial ischemia. The…

…the entire QRS complex is comprised of one negative deflection. The following figure shows pathological Q waves in two patients with acute STEMI. Figure 2…

…Pooling all the eligible studies resulted in the following survival estimates: Likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was 29.7% (95% CI 27.6…

…in the medium. Mathematically, sound waves can be described by a sine curve . This curve is characterized by the following variables: wavelength , amplitude , frequency , speed …

…s theorem (Harry Nyquist), which demonstrates that a wave must be sampled ( i.e recorded) at least twice per cycle in order to be rel

…These estimates should be viewed as approximations due to the following: Registry data indicate that survival is possible with longer periods of no flow ( Rawshani…

…ECG machine) compares, amplifies and filters the electrical potential differences recorded by the electrodes and presents the results as ECG leads. Each ECG lead is…

…intrathoracic pressure by compressing, decompressing and ventilating. These maneuvers result in arterial blood flowing through the pulmonary, coronary and cerebral circulation, as well as allowing…