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Wound suturing

…puncture wounds , where the base cannot be inspected or irrigated clean. Wounds with retained foreign material or devitalised tissue that cannot be removed. A clinically…

Myocardial Perfusion Imaging With SPECT and PET

…other technical factors. Relative perfusion assessment has an important limitation: it requires a normally perfused reference territory. In diffuse coronary disease, balanced multivessel disease, or…

ApoB and Non-HDL Cholesterol in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment

…contained in all apoB containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride…

Heart failure: Causes, types, diagnosis, treatments & management

…incidence of heart failure has remained stable. New data suggest that the incidence of heart failure among young adults has increased in recent years ( Nabel…

Heart failure: Introduction

…incidence of heart failure has remained stable. New data suggest that the incidence of heart failure among young adults has increased in recent years ( Nabel…

The 3-phase model of sudden cardiac arrest

…after inducing VF. As evident in Figure 1, ATP concentrations decline rapidly. After 5 minutes of VF, approximately 50% of the ATP remained. Figure 1…

Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Outcomes

…supports Mediterranean or DASH style patterns that emphasize minimally processed foods and healthy fats while limiting ultraprocessed foods, refined carbohydrates, sugars and meats. In secondary…

Digoxin: Dosing, Therapeutic Range and Toxicity Management

…in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of digitalis toxicity, which manifests across multiple…

Otoscopy and ear syringing

…audiometry or the fitting of a hearing aid. Recurrent otitis externa in which the wax retains moisture. Contraindications Absolute contraindications to irrigation: A known or…

Anticoagulation Strategies in Atrial Fibrillation

…in the absence of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely, the 2023 ACC/AHA guidelines retain the "VASc" nomenclature but clarify that…

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