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Myocardial Mechanics: Structure and Function of Myocardial Fibers

…Similar to vascular endothelium, the endocardium contains an underlying basement membrane and a small layer of loose connective tissue. The endocardium joins the endothelium that…

Inclisiran and Emerging Lipid-Lowering Agents

…heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. The broader therapeutic principle is that LDL C reduction is associated with cardiovascular benefit regardless of the pharmacological route used. In patients…

Foreign body in the ear and nose

…The urgency varies: Object Urgency : : Button battery Immediately — leakage of fluid causes a chemical burn Two or more magnets (including in different nostrils) Immediately — pressure…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

… the reduction in a subgroup with diabetes was approximately 19.1%. The drug also lowers hsCRP. In a population of individuals unable or unwilling to…

P-wave, PR interval, PR segment: physiology, criteria & ECG findings

…The first half of the P wave is therefore a reflection of right atrial depolarization and the second half is a reflection of left atrial…

Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Cellular changes, ECG and symptoms

…manifest at rest because of the severe reduction of coronary flow caused by acute atherothrombosis. Table 1: Myocardial and ECG reaction in various settings with…

PCSK9 Inhibitors: Indications, Efficacy and Access

…same extent by statins. Inclisiran Inclisiran is a liver targeted small interfering RNA. It promotes degradation of the messenger RNA encoding PCSK9, thereby suppressing hepatic…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…titration. Half of all opioid dosing errors arise at the dilution step, and an undiluted syringe of 10 mg/mL makes small adjustments impossible. Procedure…

Sinus bradycardia: definitions, ECG, causes and management

…bradycardia. Click to zoom. Treatment of sinus bradycardia Benign causes of sinus bradycardia (e.g. vasovagal reaction, well trained athletes) do not require treatment. When…

Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and…

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