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Aortic stenosis

…the right coronary cusp (RCC), and the left main coronary artery (LMCA) departs from the left coronary cusp (LCC). NCC = non coronary cusp. Natural…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before…

Left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) & right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) on ECG

…with the right atrium being depolarized before the left atrium. The first half of the P wave is therefore a reflection of right atrial activation…

Overview of the ECG Waves, Deflections, Intervals, Durations

…left ventricle is usually considerably larger than the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of the electrical potentials generated by the left…

Technical aspects of the ultrasound image

Echocardiography Generating the ultrasound image The ultrasound transducer generates short bursts (pulses) of ultrasound waves. Reflected ultrasound waves are analyzed by the machine during the…

ECG interpretation: Characteristics of the normal ECG (P-wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T-wave)

…left ventricle is many times larger than the vector generated by the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular depolarization…

Brugada Syndrome: Diagnosis & SCD Prevention

Cardiology Introduction Since its initial description in 1992 as a syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada…

Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…Assessment should integrate the history, physical examination, laboratory data and diagnostic testing. Examination for congestion Useful bedside indicators of persistent or improving congestion include: J

Coronary Anatomy and Segmental Classification for the Clinician

…effect of a coronary lesion depends on more than its visual diameter reduction. Relevant determinants include: Lesion eccentricity Vessel tortuosity Calcification Plaque rupture or asymmetric…

P-wave, PR interval, PR segment: physiology, criteria & ECG findings

…with the right atrium being depolarized before the left atrium. The first half of the P wave is therefore a reflection of right atrial depolarization…

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