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Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

…A substantial reduction in pulmonary perfusion and the subsequent reduction in left ventricular preload lead to a cascade of hemodynamic alterations which may culminate in…

Coronary Anatomy and Segmental Classification for the Clinician

…significant epicardial CAD is conventionally defined as stenosis of at least 70%, while a left main coronary stenosis of at least 50% is considered significant…

Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: Revascularisation Strategy

…Significant left main stenosis is generally defined as a diameter reduction of at least 50%. Severe proximal disease of both the proximal left anterior descending…

Aortic stenosis

…overcoming the resistance in the stenosis and maintaining adequate stroke volumes. Thus, ventricular hypertrophy is a compensatory mechanism, the purpose of which is to maint

Fractional Flow Reserve and Non-Hyperaemic Pressure Ratios

…left main stem or proximal left anterior descending artery are more likely to affect flow because they supply a larger myocardial territory. The response of…

Physics of myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT, PET): Radiotracers, perfusion, blood flow and viability

…radiotracers emit gamma photons directly. These gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to create tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission…

Sinus bradycardia: definitions, ECG, causes and management

…high vagal tone. These individuals have developed a highly efficient left ventricle, capable of generating sufficient cardiac output at low heart rates. During vasovagal syncope…

Atrial fibrillation: quick reference for emergency management

…in atrial fibrillation Criteria for dose reduction according to FASS : : : Apixaban 5 mg × 2 2.5 mg × 2 if at least two of: age ≥ 80…

Amiodarone: Loading, Maintenance Dosing and Monitoring Schedule

…negligible, and doses do not require reduction in patients with renal disease; neither amiodarone nor desethylamiodarone is dialyzable. The volume of distribution is large, averaging…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

… gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before inserting the needle — alcohol carried…

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