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Myocardial ischemia and infarction: lack of oxygen or imbalance between supply/demand

…describe a reduction of blood flow to tissues and organs. A few decades later Cohnheim demonstrated that ligation of the left anterior descending artery in…

Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: Revascularisation Strategy

…generally defined as a diameter reduction of at least 50%. Severe proximal disease of both the proximal left anterior descending and proximal left circumflex arteries…

Fractional Flow Reserve and Non-Hyperaemic Pressure Ratios

…is weak, particularly for intermediate lesions. Even lesions with a visual diameter reduction of 50–70% may or may not produce ischaemia. Conversely, some lesions…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…or partial, depending on the size of the thrombus and the plaque. The patient will experience severe chest pain due to the abrupt reduction of…

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

…main pulmonary artery. Depending on the size and form of the thrombus, it will occlude the main pulmonary artery or its branches. The larger the…

Torsades de Pointes: Definition, Characteristics, and Management

…Advanced Therapies : Consideration of endomyocardial biopsy or anti inflammatory therapies may be warranted in specific clinical contexts [4]. Reduction of Sympathetic Drive Modulating autonomic tone…

Oxygen therapy

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

Artifacts in ultrasound imaging

…Refraction artifact Reflection and refraction occur when ultrasound passes tissue boundaries. Tissue boundaries represent acoustic reflectors at which some of the ultrasound energy is reflected…

Cardiac arrest due to electrolyte imbalance

…imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies…

Reduction of dislocations

…compromise or skin tenting — reduce promptly, before radiography. The longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of…

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