…Perform a bladder scan in oliguria, anuria or unexplained AKI. 3. Assess the circulation and volume status, including signs of both hypovolaemia and venous congestion…

…insufficiency in pituitary disease, after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with suspected suppression of the HPA axis after long term glucocorticoid treatment. A basal morning…

…Potassium replacement is not the management of a side effect; it is part of the treatment itself. Indications Salicylate poisoning with symptoms or a rising…

…or about suppression of the HPA axis, where a long half life produces more marked suppression. Stress dosing in known adrenal insufficiency A patient with…

…patients with severe aortic stenosis, particularly the low flow, low gradient phenotype, or those undergoing aortic valve replacement [1, 5, 10]. A history of increasing…

…or other conduction defects. However, in rare instances, it may be due to pre excited atrial fibrillation (i.e. atrial fibrillation with impulses conducted via…

…long for thick soft tissue and for the head of the humerus. A pressure bag or a 50 mL syringe with a three way tap…

…treated initially with diuretics, whereas norepinephrine and/or inotropes are reserved for low output and hemodynamic instability. Evaluation and physical examination The objective of decongestion…

…with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of fluids are typically needed. Table 1. Grading of hyperthermia. Body temperature should decrease at a rate of…

…heparin unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45° Stress ulcer prophylaxis During mechanical ventilation, in coagulopathy, or with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding Refeeding…

…urinalysis or renal imaging Risk of progression rises with proteinuria and depends on cause 2 60 mL/min/1.73 m² Abnormal urinalysis or renal…

…adult with T wave inversions in V1–V4, or other ECG changes (see below) should lead to a suspicion of ARVC. The gradual loss of…

…not recommended in most patients with severe cardiovascular disease or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable. The benefit of its administration in these patients…

…transient ischemic attack or stroke, and initiation of renal replacement therapy. The study found no significant differences between the two treatment groups with respect to…

…Patients recently recovering from myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome. Patients with stable or chronic atherosclerotic coronary disease, many of whom have a previous acute…

…Valve replacement can be performed with biological or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long…