Endokrinologi & metabolism Farmakologi & dosering Lathundar Two situations are often confused: replacement therapy in adrenal insufficiency (which must be increased under stress) and pharmacological anti inflammatory…

…which are replaced by fat and fibrous tissue. This process begins in the epicardium and gradually moves towards the endocardium. As the fibrofatty replacement progresses…

…result can be interpreted. What decides that is whether the patient is taking a steroid that cross reacts in the cortisol assay, whether the samples…

Procedurer Alkalinising the urine increases the excretion of weak acids by keeping them in a charged form in the tubular fluid, where they cannot be…

…g in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and give by slow injection over 5 10 minutes. Dilute immediately before use…

…5]. Heightened awareness is essential in patients with severe aortic stenosis, particularly the low flow, low gradient phenotype, or those undergoing aortic valve replacement [1…

CPR Hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia Hyperthermia is characterized by a body temperature exceeding the typical range of 36.5 37.6°C (97.7 99.7°F…

Echocardiography Tricuspid valve stenosis Tricuspid stenosis is a rare condition that may be caused by rheumatic valvular disease, congenital heart disease, Whipple’s disease, or…

…gives the higher stage. A patient can thus be stage 3 by urine output despite a less marked rise in creatinine. Limitations of creatinine and…

…the ventilator. See the article on confusion for the management of delirium in intensive care. Renal replacement therapy Absolute indications: refractory hyperkalaemia, refractory acidosis, refractory…

…a large bore cannula in a suitable vein). Standby access in a patient at risk of rapid deterioration. Intraosseous access: Cardiac arrest where venous access…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

…other major coronary risk factors. In patients with previous myocardial infarction and residual inflammation, defined by hsCRP ≥2 mg/L, it produced a modest reduction…

…renal replacement therapy Hypoperfusion with persistent organ injury Consider mechanical circulatory support Refractory advanced disease Consider palliative care Right ventricular failure is characterized by increased…

…renal replacement therapy. Pediatric patients Body weight < 50 kg: Initial dose: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg Second dose: Increase the dose by…

…and thus the selection between them may be guided by individual patient needs rather than by a distinct advantage of one drug over the other…