Procedurer Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and…

…The patient must nonetheless be observed, since the reaction can progress. Practical grading There are several grading systems, and no grading replaces immediate clinical assessment…

…intended primarily to reduce bleeding rather than to replace the default 12 month regimen in the general ACS population. Clinical context and patient selection Acute…

…pressure. A value of around 0.9 to 1.0 or higher in an adult trauma patient suggests significant hypovolaemia and an increased transfusion requirement…

…an infusion of isoprenaline, adrenaline or dopamine according to local practice, and does not replace pacing when the patient is markedly unstable. Transcutaneous pacing Equipment…

…in the emergency department for acute dyspnoea should not be transferred directly to patients with less acute outpatient symptoms. Natriuretic peptides supplement, rather than replace…

…Thus, cardiac index is cardiac output normalized to body surface area. The ultrasound system calculates body surface area using the patient's sex, weight and…

…mode was previously the dominating modality in echocardiography. Although it has now largely been replaced by 2D echocardiography, it is still used in clinical practice…

…is defined by the gradual loss of myocardial cells, which are replaced by fat and fibrous tissue. This process begins in the epicardium and gradually…

…commonly mitral stenosis). Simultaneous tricuspid regurgitation is also common. Echocardiography Echocardiography has replaced catheterization for the assessment of tricuspid stenosis. Yet, there is no consensus…